Transcript xxx - ASU School of Public Affairs
INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: CHINA, ASIA, EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES
Kathryn Mohrman Arizona State University Brookings Tsinghua Center January 5, 2010
Background
• Higher education administrator, national association executive, professor in US & China • University Design Consortium—focused on reform and innovation in higher education worldwide http://universitydesign.asu.edu
• Research on public policies regarding world class universities
How are universities worldwide responding to increasing global competition?
Case study universities
•
CHINA
– Sichuan, Tianjin, Beijing Normal, Peking, Tsinghua • •
USA
– MIT, Berkeley, Michigan
EUROPE
– Oxford, Paris 06 (Pierre and Marie Curie), ETH (Switzerland)
•
JAPAN
– Tokyo, Kyoto, Tohoku •
OTHER ASIA
– Australian National, Chinese University of Hong Kong, National Taiwan
Research questions
• How rich are these universities?
• How research intensive are they?
• How are they regarded by their peers?
• Which universities have the strongest base for the competitive market?
• Which ones are most likely to be successful in the future?
• Possible directions for further research?
Basic demographics
Enrollments
• Largest—SCU at almost 60,000 students in 2007 • Next—University of Michigan, 39,000 • Smallest—MIT with 10,000 • Most of the rest between 15,000 and 30,000
Student-faculty ratio (2007)
• <10—Michigan, Paris06, Tohoku, Tsinghua • 10-15—Beijing Normal, MIT, Peking, Tokyo, Kyoto, Tianjin, Chinese U Hong Kong, Oxford, Sichuan • >15—National Taiwan, Australian National, Berkeley, ETH
How rich are these universities?
Annual budgets
•
Table 1 —University expenditures 2003 and 2007
– Sichuan budget grew 82% – Oxford grew 52% – Beijing Normal grew 48% – Tokyo dropped 1.6% (although Kyoto grew 23% and Tohoku by 12%)
SCU TJU BNU PKU THU
Impact of 985 Project
985 Phase 2 Ave annual Ave grant as 2004-2008
400,000,000
grant (PPP)
28,985,507
% of budget
5.9% 421,000,000 600,000,000 2,408,000,000 3,591,000,000 30,507,246 43,478,261 174,492,754 260,217,391 9.6% 12.5% 16.0% 20.2%
TOTAL UNIVERSITY EXPENDITURES IN US$ (USING PPP), PER STUDENT AND PER PROFESSOR PLUS RESEARCHER, 2007
700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 S C U TJ U B N U P KU TH U M IT U C B UM OX F E TH P0 6 TO K K YO TH K A N U C U H K N TU
Expenditures per capita
• •
Comparing Michigan and Sichuan
– Per student—Michigan has 13.6 times the expenditure – Per professor plus researcher—5.5 times
Overall (per professor plus researcher)
– <$200,000—Sichuan, Paris06, Tianjin, ETH – $200-300,000—Beijing Normal, National Taiwan, Oxford, Peking, Tsinghua – $300-400,000—Tohoku, Australian National, Chinese U Hong Kong, Kyoto – $400-500,000—Tokyo, MIT – >$500,000—Berkeley, Michigan
How research intensive are they?
External research funding
•
Table 2 —Research expenditures from external sources 2003 and 2007
– Michigan/Beijing Normal—24 times the expenditure in 2003, 16 times in 2007 – MIT/Tsinghua—2.3 times in 2003, 1.5 times in 2007 – Tokyo/Peking—2.3 times in 2003, 2.0 times in 2007
Growth in research expenditures
•
Percentage change between 2003 and 2007
– <10%--Michigan, Berkeley – 10-25%--(no one) – 24-50%--MIT, Kyoto, Australian National, ETH, Chinese U Hong Kong – 50-70%--Tianjin, Oxford, Tokyo, Tohoku, Beijing Normal – 70-100%--Peking, Tsinghua – 122%--Sichuan
Budget share for research
•
Table 3 —Research expenditures as percentage of total expenditures 2003 and 2007
– Highest (2007) Oxford—36.8%, followed by Berkeley at 32.8% and Tsinghua at 31.2% – Lowest (2007) Chinese U Hong Kong—9.8% – Others between 15% and 28%
CHANGE IN PERCENTAGE OF UNIVERSITY EXPENDITURES DEVOTED TO RESEARCH, 2003 TO 2007
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 TO K -30 TH K C U H K TH U S C U TJ U B N U A N U K YO P KU O X F M IT U C B UM
PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN INDEXED ARTICLES, 2003 TO 2007
200 150 100 50 0 -50 SCU TJU PKU BNU ETH NTU THU UM MIT OXF P06 UCB ANU THK KYO TOK CHK Series1 162 131 86 73 65 49 37 28 27 24 17 14 11 9 7 5 -20
INDEXED ARTICLES PER PROFESSOR PLUS RESEARCHER, 2003 AND 2007
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
SCU TJU BNU PKU THU MIT UCB UM OXF ETH P06 TOK KYO THK ANU CHK NTU 2003 0.2
2007 0.4
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.3
0.8
1.0
2.4
0.8
1.4
1.7
1.0
0.9
1.6
1.0
0.5
0.7
1.4
1.8
2 1.4
1.6
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.7
0.6
0.9
Cost effectiveness
•
Table 4 —Research expenditures per indexed article in US$ (using PPP) 2007
–
Highest (2007) MIT--$163,261 per article
–
Lowest (2007) Paris06--$36,690
–
8 universities lowered per article expense
–
6 universities increased per article expense
RESEARCH EXPENDITURES PER INDEXED PUBLICATION, IN US$ (USING PPP), 2007
180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 MI T UM U C B TH U O XF TH K SC U TJU TO K AN U BN U KYO CH K PKU ET H P0 6
How are these universities regarded by their peers?
Rankings
•
Table 5 —Shanghai Jiaotong rankings
– Reminder: SJTU looks only at research – Universities are ambitious to move up but competition is increasing – Japanese universities are comparable in per capita performance to Michigan and Paris06 – Chinese universities are comparable to Hong Kong and Taiwan cases – No Chinese university has highly cited researchers
Which universities are most likely to be successful in the future?
Which have the strongest base for competition?
• American universities are the richest but growing slowly • Chinese universities are growing rapidly in total funding and in money for research • Tsinghua and Peking have more money per prof plus researcher than Oxford • What is the impact of institutional and governmental investments?
Commitment to research
• Research % is highest at Oxford, Berkeley, and Tsinghua • Biggest increases at Oxford, Chinese and Japanese institutions • Productivity highest at Tokyo, Berkeley, Kyoto, Paris06 and Peking • followed by Australian National and Tohoku
But what else is important?
• •
Intellectual environment
– Hardware—library, laboratories, equipment – Software—free inquiry, academic honesty
Paris06
– Lowest in total $ per prof plus researcher – Low in % expenditure for research – Yet higher in productivity than Michigan, Oxford or MIT
• •
Next generation of scholars and citizens
– Commitment to teaching and learning – Nurturing of graduate students
Chinese University of Hong Kong
– Blend of East and West – Follows an American style undergraduate program, organized by colleges and requiring general education – Low commitment to research (about ¼ of Oxford’s) although increasing as % of total – Modest scholarly productivity
Future research
• • •
With more information about how funds are used, more insight into policy decisions
– Especially allocation for research and teaching
With more universities, more analytical tools are possible
– Therefore, how to collect more institutional data, especially from China
With more years, more opportunity to analyze trends
– Unit of analysis could be institutional or national
Thank you
Kathryn Mohrman
Professor, School of Public Affairs Director, University Design Consortium Arizona State University