Transcript International Media

16. Global Media
Richard E. Caplan
The University of Akron
Christopher Burnett
California State, Long Beach
Differing Standards of Practice
• Most Wireless “Hot Spots” in the world
– Paris, France with 2,934
– Popular Japanese game show in which
contestants show endurance by eating
spicy foods
• Venezuela’s RCTV
– Shut down by President Hugo Chavez in
2007
• BBCTV
– British TV supported by license fees
instead of ads
Daniel T. Yara/morguefile.com
• “TV Champion”
Wireless Hotspots by Rank
Illustration 16.1
Political Theories and the Media
• Soviet Theory
– Government owned and operated
mass media
• Authoritarian Theory
– Government control and approval
of media content
• Libertarian Theory
• Social Responsibility Theory
– Government oversight of media
• Developmental Theory
– Mix of theories in developing
nations
Nicholas Kamm/AFP Getty Images
– Media freedom and protection
World Media Systems
• Varied media systems
• Influence of print
– North America, Europe, Australia
– 2/3 of world’s newspapers
– Developing nations with scarce
resources
• Influence of television
– Prosperous nations
– Developing nations
• Urban centers
• Government controlled
New Yorker Collection 1993 Lee Lorenz cartoonbank.com
• Dominance of radio
Western Europe and Canada
jmmelton/motleyimage
• Press freedom
– Some British restrictions
– Stricter libel laws in France and
Greece
– Scandinavia most liberal
– Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms, 1982
• Print Media
– European press more partisan
• Audio and Video Media
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Move toward private ownership
Watch half the TV Americans watch
Mostly American programming
Fears of “Cultural Imperialism”
Eastern Europe
• Media helped bring change
• Audio and Video Media
– Once government owned
– Voice of America and Radio Free
Europe provided radio countermessages
– Also government operated
– Pravda - official Soviet newspaper
• Glasnost and change
– Western ads allowed
– 1990, media freedoms granted
– 1996. Pravda goes bankrupt
John Lamb/Getty Images/Stone
• Print Media
Middle East and North Africa
• Print Media
– Tightly controlled
– Heavy government
restrictions
• Audio and Visual Media
• Alternative news source
• BBC
• Radio Monte Carlo (Paris)
– VCRs, DVD players and
pirated video
– Al Jazeera (Arab CNN)
AP/Wide World Photo
– Government controlled
– TV typically from early
morning until midnight
– Foreign language radio
Africa
• History of European domination
• Print Media
– Many carried-over colonial papers
– Strong advocacy content
– Regionalism makes mass print
difficult
– Drum magazine, South Africa
– City Press
– Argus Group, South Africa
• Audio and Video Media
– Dominance of radio
• Easily accessible
• Lower literacy rates
– Very low television ownership
John Chiasson/Getty Images
• Struggled against apartheid
Japan
• Most newspaper readers in
the world
– Tokyo based papers
• Japanese Broadcasting
Corporation (NHK)
Chung Sung Jun/Getty Images
– Licensing like FCC
– Board like BBC
– Mix of private and public
ownership
– World’s most prosperous
broadcasting company
– Limited cable access
Australia
• Dominated by Rupert
Murdoch
– Controls 60% of newspapers
– Daily Telegraph Mirror, Sydney
– Herald-Sun, Melbourne
– Modeled after BBC
– Dominates Australian TV
• Commercial Networks
– Financially unstable
Kevin Connors/Morguefile.com
• Australian Broadcasting
Corporation (ABC)
India
• Independence in 1947
• Print media explosion
AP/Wide World Photos
– 200 publications in 1947
– 25,000 by 1987
• All India Radio (AIR)
• Doordarshan TV
– Satellite brings programming
to 4 out of 5 Indians
• “Bollywood”
– Indian film industry, Film City,
Bombay
– 16 studios
– 800 films a year
People’s Republic of China
Peter Dell/morguefile.com
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Government media monopoly
People’s Daily newspaper
Xinhua, Chinese news agency
Three-tiered radio system
– Central national station
– 100 regional networks
– Local loudspeaker systems in markets
and public places
• Limited television access
• New market economy changes
– Massive expansion of newspaper and
magazine publication
Latin America and the Caribbean
• Family dynasties
• Print Media
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Vasquez Raña, 50 Mexican papers
Edwards, Chile’s El Mercurio since 1880s, 14 papers
Mesquita family, Brazil’s O Estado, 50 years
Argentina’s La Prensa
• Audio and Video Media
– O’Farrill, 150 Mexican TV stations. 8 papers
– Mix of public and private control
• Terrorist targets
– Dozens of journalists murdered
• Media Links
Western News Services
• Western news services
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Associated Press (U.S.)
Reuters (Great Britain)
Agence France-Presse (France)
Deutsche-Presse-Agentur (Germany)
Agencia Efe (Spain)
• Western video service
– Visnews, CNN, World International Network (WIN)
• Western satellite programming
– SkyTV (Europe); StarTV (Asia)
Charges of Western Cultural Bias
• Critics of Western media bias
– Developing nations
– Ethnocentric
– Western values
• Political, economic, religious, and
social values
• UNESCO’s 1978 Declaration
– Supported national self-determination
in media policies
• The MacBride Report, 1983
– Inconclusive NWICO resolution
Chien-Min Chung/Corbis
• New World Information and
Communications Order (NWICO)
Non-Western News Services
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Middle East News Agency (MENA)
Information Telegraph Agency of Russia (ITAR)
Asian-Pacific News Network (Japan)
Caribbean News Agency (CANA)
Pan-African News Agency (PANA)
Non-Aligned News Agency Pool (NANAP)
Inter-Press Service (IPS)
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Global Media Markets
• MTV
– International programming
• Yahoo, Inc.
– 40% interest in Chinese online firm
• ABC-BBC
– Newsgathering partnership
– Competing with CNN
• Rupert Murdoch
– British Sky Network for India
• Jun Murai
– Wiring Japan’s universities to the Internet
• U.S./British advertising and PR
– Shandwick, 50% U.S. contracts
The International Herald Tribune
jmmelton/motleyimage
• “The World’s Daily Newspaper”
• 1887, J. Gordon Bennett, Jr.
• World’s largest Englishlanguage newspaper
• Owned by New York Times
• Published at 23 sites around the
world
• Circulation 264,000
• Readers in 185 countries
• Popular among American
foreign travelers
• Online edition
Global Access to the Internet
• Access across borders
• Some governments try to
control through pricing
• Some countries still lack
technology for access
– Telephone
– Cellular or satellite connection
– Only the wealthy have access
• Expanding economic uses
– Future global communications
medium
Clara Natoli/morguefile.com
– As high as $200/month
New Pathways for Ideas
ABC News
• New technologies bring new
ideas
• Nations accustomed to
controlling information face
change on many fronts
Click on image to play video
– Chinese government bans on
satellite dishes and foreign
programs
– Difficult to enforce
• Airwaves are borderless
• Global media dialogue
• Transnational marketplace
Critical Discussion
1. Many once-authoritarian nations credit the mass media
with having a major influence for positive change, but
criticize media excesses in the aftermath. Is there a
balance between the good and the bad?
2. What cultural and political conditions have led to the
development of very different media systems in Latin
America and Africa? Does the Internet appear likely to
play a role in changing the media system and expanding
media access for people in these regions?