Transcript morning day 1 part 1

Basic Nanotechnology
Introduction
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© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Contact Information
Glenn Fishbine
Phone:
Fax:
Email:
Website:
7/15/2015
1-952-975-0856
1-775-908-1069
[email protected]
www.glennfishbine.com
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© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Why We Are Here
• Provide an overview of nanotechnology
• Discuss nanotechnology.
Introduction
Current landscape
Government and university
State of basic research
Manufacturing processes
Commercial activity
The future
• Answer your questions about nanotechnology
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Understanding Size
How big (small) are we talking about?
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Understanding Size
• 1 meter
source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm
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Understanding Size
• 10 centimeters
source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm
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Understanding Size
• 1 centimeter
source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm
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Understanding Size
• 100 micrometers
source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm
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Understanding Size
• 10 micrometers
source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm
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Understanding Size
• 1 micrometer
source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm
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Understanding Size
• 100 nanometers
source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm
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Understanding Size
• 10 nanometers
source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm
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Understanding Size
• 1 nanometer
source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm
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Size Matters
• It’s not just how big
you are
• It’s what you can do
with it
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Understanding Effects
Physical processes do
not scale uniformly
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gravity
friction
combustion
electrostatic
van der Walls
brownian
– quantum
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Understanding Effects
Gravity
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Understanding Effects
Friction
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Understanding Effects
Combustion
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Understanding Effects
Electrostatic
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Understanding Effects
van der Waals
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Understanding Effects
brownian
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Understanding Effects
Quantum
"I don't like it, and I'm sorry I
ever had anything to do with
it.” - Erwin Schrodinger
"I think that I can safely say
that nobody understands
quantum mechanics.” Richard Feynman
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Understanding Effects
Centimeter: Gravity, friction, combustion
Millimeter:
Gravity, friction, combustion, electrostatic
Micrometer: Electrostatic, van der Walls, Brownian
Nanometer: Electrostatic, van der Walls, Brownian, Quantum
Angstrom:
Quantum mechanics
(1/10,000,000,000 meter)
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Basic Nanotechnology
Origins of Nanotechnology
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Earliest References
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In the Beginning - 4,000 BCE
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Yielding
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Leucippus of Miletus
• 5th century BC
• Greek - Democritus of Abdera
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All matter is made up of undividable particles called atoms
There is a void, which is empty space between atoms
Atoms are completely solid
Atoms are homogeneous, with no internal structure
Atoms vary in
1) Size
2) Shape
3) Weight
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John Dalton - 1803
1) chemical elements are made of atoms
2) the atoms of an element are identical in their masses
3) atoms of different elements have different masses
4) atoms only combine in small, whole number ratios such as
1:1, 1:2, 2:3 and so on
5) atoms can be neither created nor destroyed
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Ernest Rutherford - 1908
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Niels Bohr - 1915
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Einstein Pauli Bose Heisenberg etc
Von Neumann - 1932
mathematical synthesis
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Gravity - Graviton - Always attracts, never
repels; curves space. Gravity is the only force to
which all particles are subjected - Indefinite
•
Strong Force - Gluon (8 kinds) - Binds quarks
into nucleons and nucleons into nuclei - Limited
to the atomic nucleus
•
Electromagnetism -Photon - Binds electrons to
the nucleus; allows all physical and chemical
processes - Indefinite
•
Weak Force - Weak bosons (3 kinds) - Causes
unstable particles and nuclei to decay - Limited
to the atomic nucleus
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Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska -1931
electron microscopy
fly wing 1935
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bacteria 1937
iron 1937
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Richard P. Feynman
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A Nanotechnology Can Exist
There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom - December 29th 1959
– Manipulating and controlling things on a small scale
– Write the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin
• How do we write small?
• Information on a small scale
• Better electron microscopes
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The marvelous biological system
Miniaturizing the computer
Miniaturization by evaporation
Problems of lubrication
A hundred tiny hands
Rearranging the atoms
Atoms in a small world
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K. Eric Drexler - 1981
Development of the ability to
design protein molecules will
open a path to the
fabrication of devices to
complex atomic
specifications
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Engines of Creation - 1985
PART ONE - THE FOUNDATIONS OF FORESIGHT
1 - Engines of Construction
2 - The Principles of Change
3 - Predicting and Projecting
PART TWO - PROFILES OF THE POSSIBLE
4 - Engines of Abundance
5 - Thinking Machines
6 - The World Beyond Earth
7 - Engines of Healing
8 - Long Life in an Open World
9 - A Door to the Future
10 - The Limits to Growth
PART THREE - DANGERS AND HOPES
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Engines of Destruction
Strategies and Survival
Finding the Facts
The Network of Knowledge
Worlds Enough, and Time
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Fullerenes
Robert F. Curl Jr.
– 1985
(1996)
Richard E. Smalley
Sir Harold W. Kroto
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IBM - 1985
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Nanotechnology
• Has a long history
• Has a solid theoretical basis
• Has been looked at seriously for nearly
30 years
• So, what is it?
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Nanotechnology could be...
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Nano (metrology)
nanoscale science (effects)
nanoscale technology (fabrication)
molecular nanotechnology (chemistry)
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So who cares?
The worldwide annual industrial production in
the nanotech sectors is estimated to exceed
$1 trillion in 10 - 15 years from now, which
would require about 2 million nanotechnology
workers. - M.C. Roco Chair, WH/NSTC/Nanoscale Science,
Engineering and Technology Subcommittee (NSEC), and Senior
Advisor, NSF
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What does this mean? - 1994
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When for what?
- 1994
Birge Brenner Drexler Hall Smalley
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Molecular Assembler:
2005
2025
2015
2010
2000
Nanocomputer:
2040
2040
2017
2010
2100
Cell Repair:
2030
2035
2018
2050
2010
Commercial product:
2002
2000
2015
2005
2000
Nanotech laws:
1998
2036
2015
1995
2000
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So where are we now?
• Overview of who's doing what
• government
• universities
• commercial enterprises
• Segmentation of activities into technology, product,
market/application
• Scale of investment, implications
• Patent landscape and implications
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Break
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Basic Nanotechnology
Where Are We Today?
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So where are we now?
• Overview of who's doing what
• government
• universities
• commercial enterprises
• Segmentation of activities into technology, product,
market/application
• Scale of investment, implications
• Patent landscape and implications
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Government
Suppose you were an idiot.
And suppose you were a member of Congress.
But I repeat myself.
- Mark Twain
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Government
Federal
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State
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Federal Government
National Nanotechnology Initiative
$600 million 2002
$700 million 2003
Department of Agriculture
Department of Treasury
(USDA)
Department of Energy (DOE)
(DOTreas)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Department of Commerce (DOC)
Department of Justice (DOJ)
Department of State
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
(DOS)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Intelligence Community (IC)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Department of Defense (DOD)
Department of Transportation (DOT)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
National Science Foundation (NSF)
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NNI Definition of Nanotechnology
Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular
levels, in the length scale of approximately 1 - 100 nanometer range,
to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale
and to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and
functions because of their small and/or intermediate size.
Nanotechnology research and development includes manipulation under control of the
nanoscale structures and their integration into larger material components, systems
and architectures.
Within these larger scale assemblies, the control and construction of their structures
and components remains at the nanometer scale.
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NNI Intentions
First Generation: passive nanostructures in coatings, nanoparticles, bulk materials
(nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics): ~ 2001 –
Second Generation: active nanostructures such as transistors, amplifiers, actuators,
adaptive structures: ~ 2005 –
Third Generation: 3D nanosystems with heterogeneous nanocomponents and various
assembling techniques ~ 2010 –
Fourth Generation: molecular nanosystems with heterogeneous molecules, based on
biomimetics and new design ~ 2020 (?)
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NNI Activities
Fundamental Research -Provides sustained support to individual investigators and
small groups doing fundamental, innovative research
Grand Challenges for research on major, long-term objectives
Centers and Networks of Excellence for interdisciplinary research, networking,
industry partnerships
Research Infrastructure metrology, instrumentation, modeling/simulation, user
facilities
Societal Implications and Workforce Education and Training for a new
generation of skilled workers; the impact of nanotechnology on society (legal,
ethical, social, economic)
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NNI Industry Support
•
•
•
•
•
Fund partnerships with industrial partner - all agencies
Provide the NNI results to industry – create data base
Provide user facilities: NSF, DOE, NASA
Assistance for instrumentation, standards, tools for manufacturing: NIST
Direct technology transfer and funding industrial projects SBIR/STTR all
agencies , DARPA/DOD, DOE, NASA, NIST, NIH
• Partnerships with industrial groups
• Information data base of nanotechnology companies, and commercial
success stories
• Outreach: series of workshops, involve new industries, networking
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NNI SBIR
Small Business Innovation Research
SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research) is a federal government program
administered by 10 federal agencies for the purpose of helping to provide earlystage Research and Development funding to small technology companies (or
individual entrepreneurs who form a company).
• Phase I is the startup phase. Awards of up to $100,000 for approximately 6 months support
exploration of the technical merit or feasibility of an idea or technology.
• Phase II awards of up to $750,000, for as many as 2 years, expand Phase I results. During this
time, the R&D work is performed and the developer evaluates commercialization potential. Only
Phase I award winners are considered for Phase II.
• Phase III is the period during which Phase II innovation moves from the laboratory into the
marketplace. No SBIR funds support this phase. The small business must find funding in the
private sector or other non-SBIR federal agency funding.
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NNI STTR
Small Business Technology Transfer
Central to the program is expansion of the public/private sector partnership to include
the joint venture opportunities for small business and the nation's premier nonprofit
research institutions. STTR's most important role is to foster the innovation
necessary to meet the nation's scientific and technological challenges in the 21st
century.
–
Phase I is the startup phase. Awards of up to $100,000 for approximately one year fund the exploration
of the scientific, technical, and commercial feasibility of an idea or technology.
–
Phase II awards of up to $500,000, for as long as two years, expand Phase I results. During this period,
the R&D work is performed and the developer begins to consider commercial potential. Only Phase I
award winners are considered for Phase II.
–
Phase III is the period during which Phase II innovation moves from the laboratory into the
marketplace. No STTR funds support this phase. The small business must find funding in the private
sector or other non-STTR federal agency funding.
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NNI - Where the Money Goes
Biosystems at the Nanoscale ~ 14%
– biostructures, mimicry, bio-chips
Nanostructure ‘by Design’, Novel Phenomena 45%
– physical, biological, electronic, optical, magnetic
Device and System Architecture 20%
– interconnect, system integration, pathways
Environmental Processes 6 %
– filtering, absorption, low energy, low waste
Multiscale and Multiphenomena Modeling 9 %
Manufacturing at the nanoscale 6%
Education and Social Implications (distributed)
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Other Federal $
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Regional Nano-Organizations
Nanotechnology Alliance in Southern California
Nanotechnology Franklin Institute, Pennsylvania
Texas Nanotechnology Initiative
Virginia Nanotechnology Initiative
Denver Nano Hub
Silicon Valley, San Diego and Michigan Nano Hubs
Massachusetts Nanotech Initiative (MNI)
Connecticut Nanotechnology Initiative (CNI)
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States
CA California NanoSystem Instititute $100M/ 4yrs
NY Center of Excellence in Nanoelectronics; Albany Center $50M, $212M/ 5yrs
PA Nanotechnology Center $37M
IL Nanoscience Center $34M
IN Nanotechnology Center $5M
TX Nanotechnology Center $0.5M over 2 yrs
SC NanoCenter $1M
NM Consortium University of NM and National labs
NJ Support at NJIT and future nanophotonics consortium
FL Center at the University of South Florida
GA Center at Georgia Tech
OK Nano-Net (~$3M/yr for 5 years)
Pending: Ohio (support Center), Tennessee ($24M), Louisiana
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Universities
If you have both feet planted on level
ground,
then the university has failed you.
- Robert Goheen
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Universities
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and
Technology
California University
Caltech
City University of New York
Clarkson University
Cornell
Cranfield University
Delft University of Technology
Duke Univresity
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
Georgia Institute of Technology
Harvard
Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research
Kyushu University
La Clemson University
Ludwig-Mazimillians Universitat Munchen
Michigan State University
Moscow State University
New York University
Northwestern University
Paul Scherrer Institute
Pennsylvania State University
Princeton
Purdue University
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Renssellaer Polytechnic Institute
Rice University
Stanford
Stony Brook
The University of Birmingham
The University of Queensland
UC Santa Barbara
University of Arizona
University of Birmingham
University of California -Davis
University of Florida
University of Glasgow
University of Minnesota
University of Nebraska
University of North Carolina
University of Southern California
University of Sussex
University of Texas
University of Ulm
University of Washington
University of Wien
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Widener University
Yale University
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Universities – 2/3 of NNI’s $
Bayh-Dole
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A uniform federal patent policy.
Universities are encouraged to collaborate with business to promote the
utilization of inventions arising from federal funding.
Universities can elect to retain title to inventions developed under governmental
funding.
Universities are required to file patents on inventions they choose to own.
The government retains a non-exclusive license to practice the invention
throughout the world.
The government retains march-in rights
This is the right of the government to require, under certain conditions, that an exclusive license be revoked. In such cases, a variety of
provisions are possible, but the idea is, under certain conditions, the government can force an exclusive license to become nonexclusive.
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Preference in licensing has to be given to small business.
Uniform guidelines for granting licenses are provided.
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Commercial
In theory, there is no difference between
theory and practice;
In practice, there is.
- Chuck Reid
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Commercial
Prominent Nano Companies
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Dupont Co.
Hewlett Packard
IBM
ExxonMobil
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Nasdaq: DPMI
NYSE: HPQ
NYSE: IBM
NYSE: XOM
Emerging Companies
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Altair Nanotechnologies Nasdaq: ALTI
Applied Nanotech, Inc.
Degussa
Henkel
Nanogen
Nasdaq: NGEN
Nanometrics
Nasdaq: NANO
Nanophase Technologies Nasdaq: NANX
NanoPierce Technologies OTC:
NPCT
Obducat
NGM:
OBDU B
OBDU KVB
• SI Diamond Technology, Inc. OTC BB: SIDT
• Veeco
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Activities Segmentation
The first rule to tinkering is to save all the
parts. - Paul Erlich
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Activities Segmentation
Thomas Register
Classification
# of companies
Nano Inspection Systems
Nano Motion Systems
Actuators: Linear, Micro & Nano-Positioning
Connectors: Nano Miniature
Positioners: Nano
Powder: Nano
Stages: Micro- & Nano-Positioning
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1
11
18
5
1
8
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Activities Segmentation
NNI
Theory, Modeling, and Simulation
Experimental Methods and Probes
Synthesis, Assembly, and Processing of Nanostructures
Dispersions, Coatings, and Other Large Surface Area Structures
Nanodevices, Nanoelectronics, and Nanosensors
Consolidated Nanostructures
Biological, Medical, and Health
Energy and Chemicals
Nanoscale Processes and the Environment
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Activities Segmentation
Me
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Biological
Chemical
Nanomaterials and composites
Aerospace
Military
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Scale of Investment
There are two times in a man's life when
he should not speculate:
when he can't afford it,
and when he can.
- Mark Twain
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Scale of Investment
Estimated government sponsored R&D in $ millions/year
Fiscal Year
1997 2000 2001 2002
2003
_________________________________________________________________________
W. Europe
Japan
USA
Others
126
120
116
70
200
245
270
110
270
465
465
380
400
650
604
520
710
_________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
432 825 1,492 2,174
100% 190% 350% 503%
Others: Australia, Canada, China, E. Europe, FSU, Israel, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan
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Scale of Investment
Estimated private sector investment in nanotechnology
Fiscal Year
1997 2000 2001 2002
2003
_________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
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10?
25?
50?
150?
?
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Patent Landscape
I have, as you say, been interested in patents
and patentees.
If your books tell how to exterminate inventors
send me nine editions.
Send them by express.
- Mark Twain
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Patent Landscape
Copyright 2003 ©Thomson Derwent
All rights reserved
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Patent Landscape
Search Term
No. of Patents
USPTO
____________________________________________________
Nanotechnology
Nanostructured
Nanofabrication
Nanodevice
Nanoprobe
Nanomechanical
Nanotube
Carbon nanotube
Molecular switch
Nanocluster
Nanomagnetic
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434
72
10
14
23
164
129
56
44
2
source: The MITRE Corporation 2002
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Europe
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
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Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovak Rep.
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Belarus
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Croatia
Georgia
Moldova
Russia
Turkey
Ukraine
Yugoslavia
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Europe
• The EU does not have a standard definition of
Nanotechnology
• €700 over 2002-2006 for processes manipulating
atoms & molecules
• If “nano inside” accounted, €850 million/year
Source: European Nanobusiness Association
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Europe - Nanotech Areas
Nanotechnology for structural applications
Nanotechnology for information processing, storage and
transmission
Nano-biotechnology
Nanotechnology for chemical applications
Nanotechnology for sensor applications
Long term research with generic applications
Instruments and equipment, supporting sciences and
technologies
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EC influence
The European Commission is committed to supporting the
development of a real European research and innovation
area (ERA). This ambitious project places a strong emphasis
on the establishment of a coherent and optimised use of
European research resources. Research networking,
which facilitates the development of synergistic interactions,
in particular between EU and Member State activities, will
play a prominent role therein.
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EC nano-networks
18
17
16
14
14
13
Networks
12
10
8
7
6
6
4
3
3
2
2
3
3
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
AT BE CH CZ DE DK EC ES FR GR IT
LT LU NL PL PT RO SE SI SK UK
Countries
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EC nano-centers
The Swiss 'National Centre for Nano Scale Science' at Universität Basel
Nanoscience at Cambridge University
London Centre for Nanotechnology
Center for Competence in Nano-Scale Analysis in Hamburg
Nanolink at University of Twente
Center of Competence in Nano-Scale Analysis in Hamburg
Center for NanoScience based at Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, München
Competence Center for NanoBioTechnology, Saarland, Germany
The German Ministry of Education and Research supports six national Competence
Centres
Nano-World, The Computer-Supported Cooperative Learning Environment on
Nanophysics, a Swiss Virtual Campus
Center for NanoMaterials at Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Holland
Center for Ultrastructure Research, Austria
Nano-Science Center at Københavns Universitet
MIC National Micro- and Nanotechnology Research Center at DTU
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EC nano-companies
120 companies estimated to reside in Europe
Primarily semiconductor (many contained on previous list)
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Asia ~ $1 Billion in 2002?
Japan
Korea
Taiwan
China
Singapore
India
Australia
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$650 Million
$160 Million
$100 Million
$100 Million
>$50 Million
~ $20 Million
~ $40 Million
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Asia - Activities
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Ministry of Science and Technology, China
China Nanotech Business Network (to be launched in Nov. 2002)
Hong Kong Innovation Technology Commission (ITC)
Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan (MEXT)
Council for Science and Technology Policy, Japan
Japan Nanotech Business Network (METI)
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI)
(MOST)
Korea Nanotechnology Research Association
Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB)
National Uni. Of Singapore (NUS) Nano Science and Technology
Initiative
Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan
National Science Council, Taiwan
APEC Center for Technology Foresight, Thailand
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Australia
Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Programs Programs Center for Quantum
Computer Technology Center for Quantum Computer Technology
Australia Research Council Special Research Center
Australian Institute of Bio Australian Institute of Bio
Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Initiative Initiative
ARC Center of Excellence Program ( ARC Center of Excellence Program
Undergraduate and Graduate Programs at UNSW
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Japan
Nanoelectronics Industry Initiative started 2001
Atsuka Project (70 -- 100nm technology)
MIRAI Project (50 -- 70nm technology)
HALCA Project (LSI production)
strong bio-nano emphasis
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China
$300m allocated for allocated for Nanotechnology over 5 years
National Nanotechnology Center (starting soon)
Major Nanotechnology Centers
(Beijing, Shang Hai, TianJin, Qing Dao, Xiamen)
SME Innovation Investment Fund
Hong Kong Nanotechnology Initiative (HKITC)
HKUST Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Center
Local government support plus manufacturing industry investment
Over 700 companies registered and active, over 170 R & D organizations
17 companies are listed on the stock market in China and Hong Kong
Over 50 companies (mainly manufacturing) listed on stock exchange Invested in
nanotechnology
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Korea
10 Year Nanotechnology Plan
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)
Tera -- Level Nanodevices Program
MOST Focuses on Convergence of Nanotech and Bio
Korean Science & Engineering Foundation (KOSEF)
Nano Bioelectronics & Systems Research Center
Ministry of Health and Welfare Ministry of Health and Welfare
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Singapore
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR)
National Nanotechnology Initiative Established end of 2001
Economic Development Board (EDB) Economic Development Board (EDB)
Nanotechnology Investment Initiative
National University of Singapore Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative
Established Jan. 2002
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Taiwan
Nanotechnology Initiative starts 2003
Nanotechnology Research Center
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End Of Part 1
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