Transcript Slide 1

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Results of selected applications
of LCA and MFA studies at NTNU
in a decision support context
Anders Hammer Strømman
Frank Melum
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology
Industrial Ecology Programme
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Anders Hammer Strømman
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology
Industrial Ecology Programme
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Contents
LCA Methodology
LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation
LCA of Heat from Woodstove
Conclusion
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Contents
LCA Methodology
LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation
LCA of Heat from Woodstove
Conclusion
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The open Leontief Model
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2
3
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The Open Leontief Model
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Solving for the output for a
given Functional unit
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3
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Åpen Leontief Modell
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Knowing the emission intensities
Solving for induced emissions
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3
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Åpen Leontief Modell
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Knowing the characterization factors
Solving impact potentials
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3
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Contents
LCA Methodology
LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation
LCA of Heat from Woodstove
Conclusion
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Hybrid LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation
Liquidfied Hydrogen
Methanol
Liquidfied Natural Gas
Hydrogen
Methanol
Natural Gas
PEM FC
PEM FC - Conversion
ICE
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Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains
for Transportation
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The LH2 value chain has lowest GWP and no significant
disadvantage in other categories
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Accumulation of impacts along the hydrogen value chain
shows importance of car construction
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Accumulation of impacts along the methanol value chain
shows importance of car construction
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Accumulation of impacts along the methanol value chain
shows importance of car construction
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Car construction has significant impacts. These would be
omitted in standard LCA
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Car construction has significant impacts. These would be
omitted in standard LCA
LH2
LNG
MeOH
Global warming potential in
kg CO2-eq / 1000km
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High impacts in production – methodological implications
• Vehicles assessed has an substantial amount of pollution related to their
production
– Assumptions on lifetime and costs are important
• The construction of the cars contributes to GWP
– LNG 33 % ; MeOH 34 % ; H2 65 %
• The combination of input-output analysis and physical models is required to
capture this.
• Fuel efficient cars => Car construction becomes more important.
• On average across all impact categories as much as 60% of the impacts would
be unaccounted for if the input-output inventory was left out.
• This indicates that the environmental loads are not related to the extraction of
the materials but rather the forming of these into components.
• Focus on component reuse of components rather than material recycling.
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Contents
LCA Methodology
LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation
LCA of Heat form Woodstove
Conclusion
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Heating with Firewood?
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•
•
•
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Norway: From net exporter to net importer of electricity.
60% av husholdningenes el-forbruk går til oppvarming.
Statlig ønske om energifleksibilitet og økt varmeproduksjon.
Vedovn, et miljøvennlig alternativ?
Ønsker å vurdere miljøbelastningen gjennom hele livsløpet til vedovn som
varmekilde.
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Wood Stove System
Tjenester
Produksjon Ovn
Utslipp
Tjenester
Transport
Utslipp
Tjenester
Tjenester
Hogst
Transport
tømmerbil
Kløyving/
sekking
Transport
Driftsfase/
Forbrenning
Utslipp
Utslipp
Utslipp
Avhending
Utslipp,
CO2, NOX...
Utslipp
Tjenester
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Inventory
Skogeier 150 NOK/fm3
Tjenester
Tjenester
Utslipp
5000
NOK/stove
41 NOK/fm3
50 NOK/fm3
Transport
tømmerbil
Tjenester
300
NOK/fm3
Kløyving/
sekking
Utslipp
495
NOK/fm3
Transport
Utslipp
1100
NOK/fm3
Driftsfase/
Forbrenning
Avhending
Utslipp
Utslipp,
CO2, NOX...
100?
NOK/fm3
Transport
Drivstofforbruk: 8,55 l/fm3
Lønn 110 NOK/fm3
+ Avskrivning 44 NOK/fm3
Tjenester
Avvirkning 60 NOK/fm3
+ Terrengtransport 40 NOK/fm3
Hogst
El.bruk: 27kwh/fm3
Kjedeolje: 0,77l/fm3
Drivstofforbruk: 1,25 l/fm3
Utslipp
Drivstofforbruk: 2,5 l/m3
1,8 l/fm3
Produksjon Ovn
Utslipp
Tjenester
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High Importance of foreground system
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Accumulation of Impacts and Value Added
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Conclusion
• Life Cycle Analysis
– Low uncertainty in the model.
• The use phase is most important in all categories.
– Ca 50-95 %
• The transport distance is important, particularly for GWP, Eutrophication and
Acidification
–
Ca 30 %
• To improve the environmental performance of fire wood as a heating source
– Improvements in combustion technology
– Reductions in transport distances
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Contents
LCA Methodology
LCA of Natural Gas Based Fuel Chains for Transportation
LCA of Heat from Woodstove
Conclusion
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LCA: Summary
• Strengths:
– Gives a thorough description of where the environmental loads in a system occurs.
– Allows for identification of problem shifting.
– Relevant for risk management.
• Fuel Cell Cars: Mercedes Benz ahead of NGO’s
• Can be embedded in an CSR Strategy.
• Upstream Ethical and Environmental assessment
• Challenges:
– Requires good availability to system data (often sensitive)
– Transparency
• Lessons Learned:
– Combination with Economic Input-Output analysis seems promising for
• Obtaining good inventories quickly.
• Understanding distribution of value added.
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Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
Frank Vidar Melum
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology
Department of Engineering Design and Materials
Industrial Ecology Programme
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Contents
The concept of MFA
Polymer recycling (static)
Building materials (dynamic)
Strengths and weaknesses
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Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
• Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier 1789)
– IN = OUT
• Flow of matter lies at the heart of many environmental problems
– thus studying the material basis of human society to get insight in pollution and
depletion problems and to formulate effective and efficient solutions
• Dematerialization of human society
– from products to services, the service economy
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Add. Air
and
Water
Foreign
Hidden
Flows
Water
Vapor
Imports
TMR
Exports
DMI
ECONOMIC
PROCESSING
Domestic
Extraction
STOCKS
Domestic
Hidden Flows
TDO
Domestic
Processed
Outputs DPO
(to Air, Land,
and Water)
Domestic
Hidden Flows
DOMESTIC ECONOMY
DMI (Direct Material Input) = Domestic Extraction + Imports
TMR (Total Material Requirement) = DMI + Domestic Hidden Flows + Foreign Hidden Flows
DPO (Domestic Processed Output) = DMI – Net Additions to Stock – Exports
TDO (Total Domestic Output) = DPO + Domestic Hidden Flows
NAS (Net Adddition to Stock) = DMI - DPO - Exports
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Example I:Plastic waste management system
X2,8
X5,8
8. Mechanical
recycling
X8
9. Chemical
recycling
X9
X6,8
2. Collection in
separate plastic
packaging bags
X1,2
X2,9
X2,5
5. Sorting
X5,9
X6,9
X3,10
0. Production
X0,1
1. Consumption
X1,3
3. Collection with
other materials
X5,10
X3,6
6. Sorting
X6,10
10. Energy
recovery
X10
X7,10
X4,10
X1,4
4. Collection in
waste flows
X4,7
7. Sorting
X2,11
X5,11
X6,11
X7,11
11. Feedstock
recycling
X11
X4,12
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Recycling ratio?
- (X8 + X9)/X0,1
- (X8 + X9 + X11 )/X0,1
X5,12
X6,12
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
X7,12
12. Disposal
X12
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End-of-life treatment for rigid plastics (static)
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The sorting of rigid
plastics are much lower
than the collection rates
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Improvement in plastics waste management system
Introduction of
automatic sorting is
suggested as system
improvement
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Example II: Building stock dynamics (dwellings)
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Example II: Concrete stock dynamics (dwellings)
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MFA: Summary
• Strengths:
– gives a total picture thus systems perspective
– mass is a simple understandable indicator
• Weaknesses:
– no distinction between different materials
– link with environmental problems is weak first of all
• Lessons Learned:
– aggregated indicators should not be used as an direct indicator of environmental
impact
– generate insight in the material basis of society
– what are the main inflows and outflows
– introduction of the systems perspective in environmental policy making:
prevention of problem-shifting
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Sources
• Bergsdal, H. and Brattebø, H. “Dynamic analysis of strategies and systems for
use of resources from C&D waste in Norway” Presentation Yale, 2005
• Brattebø, H. “Methodology of Material Flow Analysis” NTNU, 2006
• Kleijn, R. “Material Flow Accounting - a tool for the Industrial Ecologist”
NTNU, 2003.
• Melum, F. and Røine, K. “Proposal for an Eco-efficiency Assessment of
Recycling Schemes for Plastic Packaging” ISIE, 2005
• Røine, K. and Brattebø, H. “Material Flow Analysis Supporting Industrial
Ecology Policies” NTNU, 2006