Transcript No Slide Title

C N P Fluxes in the Coastal Zone
The LOICZ Approach to Budgeting
and Global Extrapolation
S. V. Smith
U. Hawaii
March 2000
What is the role of the coastal
ocean in global CNP cycles?
• Easier to quantify globally than locally:
– Via global loading budgets;
– Little understanding of distribution or controls.
• Function of biota and inorganic reactions;
• Function of environmental conditions:
– F(land inputs, oceanic exchanges);
– F(human pressures);
– F(regional, global environmental change).
• An environmentally important question that
can be approached via geochemical reasoning.
General Background
Global Elevation
Only a small portion lies in the “LOICZ domain.”
Coastal Zone
(+200 to –200 m)
This domain is nominally + 200 m to -200 meters, or
about 18% of global area.
Coastal Ocean
(0 to –200 m)
The coastal ocean, being budgeted by LOICZ, is
about 5% of global area.
The Global Coastal Ocean: A Narrow,
Uneven, Chemically Reactive “Ribbon”
LAND
OCEAN
This ribbon is ~ 500,000 km long and averages
about 50 km in width.
Most materials entering the ocean from land pass
through this ribbon.
Most net biogeochemical reaction is thought to occur
in the landward, estuarine, portion of the ribbon.
LOICZ and IGBP
• IGBP is the “International Geosphere-Biosphere
Programme.”
– http://www.igbp.kva.se/
– Part of ICSU, the International Council of Scientific
Unions
• LOICZ is “Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal
Zone.”
– http://kellia.nioz.nl/loicz
– A key project element of IGBP
IGBP:
International GeosphereBiosphere Programme
IGBP aim --To describe and understand the
interactive physical, chemical and biological
processes that regulate the Earth System,
the environment provided for life, the
changes occurring in the system, and the
influences of human actions.
LOICZ aim -- About the same as IGBP aim —
for the coastal zone.
Alphabet Soup of the IGBP
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JGOFS
Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies
IGAC
International Global Atmospheric Chemistry
GCTE
Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems
BAHC
Biospheric Aspects of the Hydrological Cycle
PAGES
Past Global Change
LOICZ
Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone
LUCC
Land Use and Cover Change
GLOBEC
Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics
__________________________________________________
• GAIM
Global Analysis, Integration and Modelling
• START
System for Analysis, Research, and Training
• DIS
Data and Information System
LOICZ
Budgeting Background
Develop a “Globally Applicable”
Method of Flux Estimation
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Ability to work with secondary data;
Minimal data requirements;
Widely applicable, uniform methodology;
Robust;
Informative about processes of CNP flux.
LOICZ Budgeting Procedure
• Conservation of mass is one
of the most fundamental
concepts of ecology and
geochemistry.
 (o utputs)
system
sto rag e
 (in puts)
 (in te rna l so urces, sin ks)
M A T E R IA L B U D G E T
Water, Salt, and
“Stoichiometrically Linked”
Nutrient Budgets
• Water and salt budgets are used to estimate water
exchange in coastal systems.
• Departure of nutrient budgets from conservative
behavior measures “system biogeochemical fluxes.”
• Nonconservative DIP flux is assumed proportional to
(primary production – respiration).
• Mismatch from “Redfield expectations” for DIP and
DIN flux is assumed proportional to
(nitrogen fixation – denitrification).
Water and Salt Budgets
• Water budget
VP
VE
VR =
VE - (VP+VQ+VG+VO)
VQ, VG, VO
system
Vsystem, Ssystem
ocean
Socean
WATER BUDGET
– Freshwater flows
known.
– System residual flow
(VR) conserves volume.
• Salt budget
VESE
=0
VPSE
=0
SR = (Socean + Ssystem)/2
VRSR
ocean
Socean
VX = VRSR/(Socean-Ssystem)
system
Vsystem, Ssystem
VQSQ, VGSG,
VOSO = 0
SALT BUDGET
– Net flows known.
– Mixing (VX) conserves
salt content.
Nutrient Budgets
• Nutrient (Y) budgets
NUTRIENTS
ocean
system Y = outputs
- inputs
ents
m
i
d
se
– Internal dissolved
nutrient net source or
sink (Y) to conserve
Y.
• Calculations based on simple system stoichiometry
– Assume Redfield C:N:P ratio (106:16:1)
• (production - respiration) = -106 x DIP
• (Nitrogen fixation - denitrification) = DINobs - 16 x DIP
LOICZ Strategy
• Develop a global inventory of these budgets.
– Guidelines, a tutorial, and individual site budgets at
http://data.ecology.su.se/MNODE/
– Under direction of S. V. Smith, F. Wulff
– Major emphasis of this presentation.
• Use “typology” (classification) techniques to
extrapolate from budgeted sites to global coastal zone.
– Under direction of R. W. Buddemeier
– Tools and examples available at
http://www.palantir.swarthmore.edu/~maxwell/loicz/
(B. Maxwell)
LOICZ Budgeting Research
• New, or “primary,” data collection is not a primary
aim of LOICZ budgeting research.
• There is heavy reliance on available secondary
data to insure widespread (“global”) coverage.
• Workshops and information sharing via the World
Wide Web are the major tools for adding
information to the LOICZ budgeting data base.
• Funding for workshops has come from
UNEP/GEF, LOICZ, WOTRO, local sponsorship.
• Develop analytical tools to assist in budgeting.
LOICZ budget workshops to date
• September 1995—Guidelines Development
– (Halifax, Canada)
• December 1995—Introduce guidelines to SWOL
– (Penang, Malaysia)
• October 1996—LOICZ/JGOFS Continental Margins
– (Lagos, Nigeria)
• June 1997—Mexico lagoons
– (Ensenada, Mexico)
• October 1997—LOICZ/JGOFS Continental Margins
– (Texel, The Netherlands)
LOICZ budget workshops, cont.
• October 1998—Australasia estuaries
– (Canberra, Australia)
• January 1999—Mexico, C. America lagoons II
– (Merida, Mexico)
• July 1999—South China Sea estuaries
– (Manila, Philippines)
• November 1999—South America estuaries
– (Bahia Blanca, Argentina)
• February 2000—South Asia estuaries
– (Goa, India)
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) of
the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) has funded LOICZ to conduct a
series of local budget, regional typology and
global synthesis workshops.
LOICZ-UNEP/GEF
Tentative Workshop Schedule
• July 1999
November 1999
February 2000
June 2000
September 2000
• November 2000
March 2001
May 2001
• November 2001
• ++++
Budget--South China Sea;
Budget--South America;
Budget--South Asia;
Budget--East Asia;
Budget—Africa.
Regional—Asia;
Regional—Americas;
Regional—Africa/Europe.
Global Synthesis.
One more, as needed.
LOICZ Biogeochemical Modelling Web Page
Table of Contents (abbreviated)

LOICZ home page

LOICZ Biogeochemical Modelling Node home page
Methodological Guidelines

Introduction and background

Overview of the budgeting procedure

Scaling and how to set boundaries of a system

Water and salt budgets (with various subsections and links to
examples)
- Estimating precipitation and evaporation (with various subsections)
-An estimator of runoff
- Estimating flows from groundwater (with various subsections)
Table of Contents (continued)

Nutrient budgets
- Estimating nutrient inputs from agriculture and other human
activities
-Inputs from point sources (sewage and other waste loads)
-Effluent discharge coefficients
- Estimating nutrient inputs from the atmosphere

Stoichiometric Calculations

Downloadable budget templates (excel spreadsheets)
and guidelines for reports

References
 Contributors
Table of Contents (concluded)
Budgets of Coastal Ecosystems

Africa

Australia and New Zealand

Central and South America

Europe

Japan, the Philippines and Southeast Asia

Mexico

North America and the Pacific
Back to [Node Introduction] [LOICZ]
Last Updated 15 Jan 2000 by DPS
http://data.ecology.su.se/MNODE/
Preliminary Budgeting Results
LOICZ Budget Sites to Date
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>100 sites so far; > 200 sites desired.
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Latitude, Longitude of Budget Sites
Present site distribution
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-30
•Poor cover at high
latitudes (N & S).
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-60
-90
0 5 10 15 20
no. sites
no. sites
Latitude
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•Poor cover from 10N
to 15S.
15
10
•Poor cover in Africa.
5
0
-180
-120
-60
0
Longitude
60
120
180
•S. Asia sites not yet
posted.
Latitude
Nutrient Load v Latitude
90
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30
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0
0
-30
-30
-60
-60
-90
100
101
102
103
DIP load
(mmol m-2 yr-1)
100 101 102 103 104
DIN load
(mmol m-2 yr-1)
-90
•Load variation most
obvious with DIP.
•High loads near
15N are in SE Asia.
•High loads near
30S are in Australia
Internal Nutrient Flux v Latitude
•DIP response to load
may differ in the N and
S hemispheres.
90
Latitude
60
30
0
-30
-60
-90
-300 0
300
DIP
-2
-1
(mmol m yr )
-6000 0 6000
DIN
mmol m-2 yr-1)
•DIN response to
load seems weaker
than DIP.
400
8000
200
4000
0
0
-200
-4000
-400
-8000
100 101 102 103
100
101
-2
-1
DIP load (mmol m yr )
102
103
DIN (mmol m-2 yr-1)
-2
-1
DIP (mmol m yr )
DIP, DIN v DIP Load
•DIP and DIN
both increase (+ or -)
at high DIP loads.
•Responses more
prominent for DIP
than for DIN.
400
8000
200
4000
0
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-200
-4000
-400
-8000
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100 101 102 103 104
-2
-1
DIN load (mmol m yr )
DIN (mmol m-2 yr-1)
-2
-1
DIP (mmol m yr )
DIP, DIN v DIN Load
•No clear effect of
DIN load on DIP.
•DIN appears to
become negative at
high DIN load.
Net Ecosystem Metabolism
(production – respiration)
•Remember: Rates are
apparent, based on
stoichiometric assumptions.
•No clear overall trend;
most values cluster near 0.
•Extreme values (beyond 
10) are questionable.
(Nitrogen Fixation – Denitrification)
•Although values
cluster near 0, clear
dominance of apparent
denitrification.
•Apparent N fixation >5
seems too high.
Some Cautionary Notes
• Individual budgets may suffer from data quality or
other analytical problems.
• Stoichiometry is “apparent,” and not always
reliable.
• Simple averaging of budgets is not a legitimate
estimate of global average performance; the
coastal zone is too heterogeneous and sampling is
too biased for such averaging.
• Also, system size, or relative geographic
importance, not accounted for in simple averaging.
• “Upscaling” must take these factors into account.
Introduction to Typology
DEFINITION
Typology:
The study of types, as in systematic classification.
There are many considerations in
developing a “coastal zone typology.”
e. g., N. American Budget Sites and River Flow
•It is important to relate
sites to characteristics of
freshwater inflow.
•Most of coastline
characterized by small
coastal watersheds.
Natural and Anthropogenic
Controls on Fluxes to the Ocean
What is carried in river inflow, and why?
Other Factors
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Land use, vegetation type,
Modified U Md landuse
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forest
woodland
shrubland
grassland
cropland
bare ground
urban
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and budget sites
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•Population density;
•Economic drivers;
•Fertilizer use;
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•Atmospheric deposition;
•Et cetera.
Statistical Clustering of
“Types” in the Global Coastal Zone
Example of newly developed
statistical clustering techniques
Australasia—10 Clusters
Distinguish separate clusters OR Emphasize similar clusters
What is the
link between
typology and
the budgets?
How do budget
characteristics
conform with
clusters?
and compare
with
Budget Sites
We tune the
Expert typology
with
Similar clusters
Conclusions and Comments
about Budgeting and Typology
• We are accumulating coverage of global CNP
fluxes in much of the coastal zone.
• Some trends are beginning to emerge.
• Extrapolating from individual budget sites to
the “global coastal zone” remains a challenge.
• This extrapolation is being approached via a
“global typology.”
• Natural influences and human dimension must
be addressed by both budgets and typology.
Need help or advice about biogeochemical
budgeting or setting up a budgeting workshop?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stephen Smith
Fred Wulff
Vilma Dupra
Dennis Swaney
Victor Camacho
Malou McGlone
Laura David
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
• LOICZ International Project Office
[email protected]
• Biogeochemical Modeling
Web Page
http://data.ecology.su.se/MNODE/
Thank you!