Transcript Dias nummer 1 - Aalborg Universitet

Robert Burnett and P. David Marshall, Web Theory, Routledge, London
2003
The History of the Internet
The History of the Internet
- From the Cold War to Web
2.0
- ARPANET: the Advanced
Research Project Agency,
1969 – The Ministry of
Defence of the US, 1958
- Packet-switching
technology:
telecommunication
transmission
The History of the Internet
• Standardized
communication protocols,
1973
• 1983: split of ARPANET to
MILNET for military purposes
and ARPANET for research
• Start of 1990s: gateways
with payment, the Internet
is commercialized
The History of the Internet
• A global network of
computers with the
addition of new nodes
• Grassroots: BBS: bulletin
board system, the end of
the 1970s
The History of the Internet
Actors:
• The military
complex:
communication
and secrecy
• Research:
sharing of
knowledge
• Business:
transactions
• Grassroots:
populism and
democracy
The History of the Internet
Still: duality and tension:
• Public role and
commercially useful and
private use
• The Internet as gift or as
commodity
• The Panopticon,
surveillance end
censorship
The History of the Internet
Still: duality and tension:
• Space and time.
• Communication: either space
or time bias.
• Preservation of information:
time (oral culture, insular,
conservative)
• Distribution of information:
space (dissemination,
exchange, empires)
• The Web: spatial control or
limitless archival structure?
The History of the Internet
Still: duality and tension:
• The Web: spatial control
or limitless archival
structure?
• Space: like TV massive
diffusion, but no spatial
locality, no centre, not as
simultaneous as TV
• Time: the Web as a giant
archive: the function of
the hard disk as storage,
servers.
The History of the Internet
Still: duality and tension:
• Post-industrial information society:
• Information on the Internet, which is
without gatekeepers, is not
knowledge, but raw material for
knowledge.
• No validation.
• Same form, new content of website.
• Orphaned web sites.
• Information without geography
• Old media’s official and legitimate
websites are paralleled with
personal websites.
• A search engine only covers 20 % of
the Web.
The History of the Internet
Still: duality and tension:
• The Web stresses a post-modern
epistemological crisis: production of
knowledge from information
•
The reason for the epistemological
crisis is topographical or narrative:
the Web is network. The individual
element is linked. A piece of
information will never be finished,
and new information will influence it.
The History of the Internet
The new agora:
http://zeus.heavengames.com/misc/screenshots/screenshots2.shtml
The new agora:
• A new public space with
exchange of new,
information and goods.
Freedom of speech.
Bartering and negotiations
and also a mode of
publicness.
• The Web constantly
transgresses Jürgen
Habermas’ spheres
The new agora:
• The commodity and the gift: a
basic duality of the Web.
• Historically the Web has been a
gift: free exchange and
distribution of information and
research.
• Freeware, shareware,
downloading, cheats, music,
copy-paste.
• The library.
• Educational institutions.
The new agora:
• The gift nature of the Web has
delayed its economic
development.
• The killer application:
pornography has developed
the market nature of the Web
since the early 1990s
• Now: travels, hotels, real estate,
books, banks, shares etc.
• B2B og B2C
• The audience commodity:
counting users: Hits, cookies,
databases.
Form:
-
Hypertext
Convergence
Montage
Text medium?
Reception:
• Modalities of participation:
• Surfing – browsing, the flaneur –
search engines
• Reader: downloading
• User: producing
• Uploading: reception becomes
production
• The fusion of work and nonwork, information and
entertainment – part of a new
economy.
Reception:
Dystopian and utopian:
• Quality time: offline is
better than online
Discuss and give examples of
both.
• Lack of research of how
we use the Web.
The Web and identity
Network as a new social
morphology:
• Work, recreation,
education and
government.
• Network as a social as well
as a textual category.
1. Describe and map your
social network
2. Then relate it to media use
The Web and identity
Web culture and labile
identity
• Class?
• Gender?
• Geography/nationality?
• Still spatial orientation with
computer
• The dislocation of the
telephone
The Web and identity : dating
The Web and identity
Communication with real
people online
• Different from tv.
• Different from reality tv.
The Web and identity
Cultural production: reader,
author, character fuse with
technology
• The sophisticated
signification-creating
audience of cultural theory
becomes textual
producers.
The Web and identity
• Communication
technologies reconstruct
(parts of) the subject and
its world: Book / tv or the
telegraph / telephone
• Media technologies are
hybrids: they are both parts
of the subject and a
medium to carry it
• The social and mediated
construction of reality
Communication
The Internet abolishes
traditional borders
between three kinds of
communication:
• Interpersonal (One-one)
• Mass communication
(One-many)
• ”Computing” (Many-one)
• plus: many-many
Communication
•
•
•
•
•
The old modes of
communication adapt, e.g.
into:
segment audience
(narrowcasting)
more service
recycling in new media (online radio and tv and
newspapers)
interpersonal communication:
replaces face2face, extends
weak ties
Web 2.0
http://www.oreillynet.com/p
ub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005
/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
A new user behaviour and a
new business model
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=nsa5ZTRJQ5w&NR=
1
Web 2.0
Web 1.0
-->
Web 2.0
mp3.com
-->
Napster
Britannica Online
-->
Wikipedia
Personal websites
-->
blogging
Publication
-->
participation
CMS - content
management
systems
-->
wikis
directories
(taxonomy)
-->
tagging
("folksonomy")
Web 2.0
• From Netscape to Google:
• Netscape: the web browser, a
desktop program
• Google: only a mediator
between user and on-line
• Google’s relatives:
• eBay
• Amazon
• Napster
• Arto.dk, YouTube.com,
MySpace.com, FaceBook
Web 2.0 - Emergence
• The Web 2.0 principle: the more
users the betters service
• Critical user mass: eBay
• The narcissist peer group is
mediated in MySpace etc.
• http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=CQibri7gpLM&featu
re=related
Web 2.0 – Multi-player-communities
Wikipedia
• Wikipedia: The Age of
Enlightenment’s
democratic project:
Encyclopédie, ou
dictionnaire raisonné des
sciencesdes arts et des
métiers,1751-1780 has
finally been fulfilled
through Wikipedia.
Wikipedia
• Human knowledge has
three branches
memory, reason,
fantasy
• Bourgeois society and
the French Revolution:
Knowledge can
improve the world
• Wikipedia rests on trust
– the edit function.