Transcript Gender and Development

Gender and Development –
Practical approaches
- a presentation by Mona Dahms
Department of Development and Planning
Aalborg University
Overview
1.
2.
What goes wrong?
Frameworks for Gender Analysis
a) Harvard
b) Moser
c) Social relations
DIR - F03
2
Learning Objectives
After this lecture you should be able
to:
recognise the importance of gender
analysis for project planning,
implementation and evaluation,
list tools for gender analysis as part of
development interventions.
DIR - F03
3
Summary of lesson 1




Gender is a social construction
depending upon time and culture.
Therefore, gender roles are neither
universal nor unchangeable.
There is a global gender imbalance in
favour of men.
It is necessary to include gender
planning in development
interventions
DIR - F03
4
1. What goes wrong?
Gender and project planning
Three levels of gender integration:



Gender blindness – gender is not
considered,
Gender neutrality – gender is considered
and equal opportunities are secured,
Gender planning – gender is considered
and equity impacts are secured.
DIR - F03
6
Equal Opportunities??
To secure a fair
selection you all get
the same exercise:
You must climb the
tree.
DIR - F03
7
Assumptions??
(Implicit) assumptions about the household:



The household consists of a nuclear family of
husband, wife and 2 – 3 biological children.
Within the household there is a clear division of
labour based upon gender. The man is the
breadwinner and the woman is the mother and
housewife.
Women’s work is unpaid housework, not crucial
to the survival of the family
DIR - F03
8
Further assumptions??
(Implicit) assumptions about data collection:
 All techniques for data collection are equally valid
for women and for men
 Conventional conceptual categories (ex. work)
hold the same meaning for all people.
Also other factors, such as: Timing of interviews,
length of the reference period and language,
influence data collected.
DIR - F03
9
DIR - F03
10
Exercise 1: Assumptions??


How can we as researchers ensure
that assumptions made are in
accordance with the reality
researched?
Buzz with your nearest neighbours
for a few minutes and present your
thoughts to the plenary.
DIR - F03
11
2. Gender Analysis
Frameworks
Source: UNDP Gender in Development Programme, Learning and Information
Pack; Gender Analysis
Gender Analysis Frameworks









Gender roles framework (Harvard)
Triple roles framework (Carolyn Moser)
Web of institutionalisation framework (Caren
Levy)
Gender analysis matrix (GAM)
Equality and empowerment framework (Sara
Longwe)
Capacities and vulnerabilities framework (CVA)
People oriented planning framework (POP)
Social relations framework (SRF)
The multiplicity of frameworks indicates the
activities – but also the frustrations!
DIR - F03
13
Information provided by GA




Specific gender disaggregated statistics
Understanding of gender relations
Analysis of the gendered impact of sexual
division of labour
Needs and interests of both women and
men
DIR - F03
14
Harvard framework - 1
Three main tools:
1. The socio-economic activity profile –
who does what, when, where and for
how long?
DIR - F03
15
Tool 1: Activity profile
Activities
Women/girls
Men/boys
Productive
activities
Agriculture
Income generation
Employment
Others

Reproductive
activities
Water
Fuel
Food
Childcare
Health
Cleaning and repair
Market
Other

DIR - F03
16
Harvard framework - 1
Three main tools:
1. The socio-economic activity profile –
 who does what, when, where and for how
long?
2. The access and control profile –
 who has access to resources (ex. land,
equipment, capital etc.)?
 who has access to benefits (ex. education,
health services, political power etc.)?
 who has control over resources and benefits?
DIR - F03
17
Tool 2: Access and control profile
Access
Women
Men
Control
Women
Men
Resources
Land; Equipment;
Labour; Cash;
Education; Training;
Other
Benefits
Income; Ownership;
Basic needs; Education;
Political power; prestige;
Other
DIR - F03
18
Tool 3: Influencing factors
3. A list of factors which determine the
gender differences identified –
Charts the factors (political, economic,
cultural etc.) which affect the gender
differentiations identified in the profiles
Past and present influences
Opportunities and constraints
DIR - F03
19
Harvard framework - 2

Strengths:
• Collecting and organising information about
gender division of labour,
• Making women’s work visible
• Distinguishes between access and control
• Useful for projects at micro-level
• A gender-neutral entry point for discussions
on gender issues
DIR - F03
20
Harvard framework - 3

Weaknesses:
• Focus on efficiency rather than equity
• Focus on material resources rather than on
social relations
• Can be carried out in a non-participatory
way
DIR - F03
21
Exercise 2: Bumpy roads



Use the Harvard framework to
analyse the case study (Exercise 3 –
Bumpy roads) handed out.
Discuss why and how the mixed
results were achieved.
Please present your answers to the
plenary.
DIR - F03
22
Moser framework - 1
Two main tools used:
1. Gender roles identification - women’s triple
role: productive, reproductive, community.
2. Gender needs assessment: Practical gender
needs, strategic gender needs.
DIR - F03
23
Productive work

Production of goods and services for
consumption and trade (farming, fishing,
employment, self-employment)
Often carried out alongside the
reproductive work. Women’s productive
work is often less visible and less valued
than men’s.
DIR - F03
24
Reproductive work

Care and maintenance of the household
and its members (bearing and caring for
children, food preparation, water and fuel
collection, shopping, housekeping, family
health care)
Seldom considered ’real work’. Usually
unpaid.
Almost always the responsibility of girls
and women.
DIR - F03
25
Community work

Collective organisation of social events
and services (ceremonies, celebrations,
community improvement activities,
participation in groups and organisations,
local political activities etc.)
Involves volunteer time. Normally unpaid.
Men undertake community work, too but
often at political level, giving prestige.
DIR - F03
26
Women’s Work
DIR - F03
27
Practical gender needs



A response to short-term, immediately perceived
needs arising from concrete conditions
Mainly arising from and reinforcing particular
women’s reproductive and productive role
Do not challenge the subordinate position of
women
(Ex. Clean water, health care, housing, food provision)
Women’s needs differ from men’s needs because of their
different tasks and responsibilities.
DIR - F03
28
Strategic gender needs




Response to long-term needs arising from
women’s subordinate position
Challenge the nature of the gendered relationship
between women and men
Women involved as agents of change
Lead to a transformation of gender division of
labour for all women
(Ex. access to resources (land, credit, etc.), measures
against male violence, control over own body)
Women’s needs differ from men’s needs because of their
different positions in society.
DIR - F03
29
Moser framework - 2

Strengths:
•
•
•
•
Can be used for planning in a variety of settings
Challenges unequal gender relations
Supports the empowerment of women
Recognises institutional and political resistance to
transforming gender relations
• Needs concept useful for evaluating impact of
development interventions
• Triple roles concept useful for revealing women’s
work
• Alerts planners to the interrelationship between
productive, reproductive and community work
DIR - F03
30
Moser framework - 3

Weaknesses:
• Looks at separate activities rather than
interrelated activities of women and men
• Other forms of inequality (race, class etc.) not
addressed
• Strict division between practical and strategic
needs often unhelpful in practise
• Moser does not include strategic needs of men
– have been included in the Levy framework
DIR - F03
31
Exercise 3:
Moser framework


Read the case study provided (case study
one) and discuss it with your nearest
neighbours.
Using the Moser framework identify:
 Roles emphasised (intended and in practise),
 Gender needs met (intended and in practise),


Fill in the accompanying chart
Please be prepared to present your group
results to the plenary.
DIR - F03
32
Social Relations Framework (SRF) - 1

Five essential concepts:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Development as increasing human well-being
Social relations
Institutional analysis
Institutional gender policies
Underlying and structural causes
DIR - F03
33
Concept 1: Development


Development as increasing human
well-being – not just economic
growth.
Core elements:
• Survival
• Security
• Autonomy
DIR - F03
34
Concept 2: Social relations

Social relations are understood as the way
in which different groups of people are
positioned in relation to material and
intangible resources.
• SR determine people’s roles, responsibilities,
claims, rights and control
• SR include gender, class, ethnicity, race etc.
• SR change overtime, influenced by changes at
macro-level
DIR - F03
35
Concept 3: Institutional analysis
Key institution
Organisational form
State
Legal, military, administrative
organisations
Market
Firms, financial corporations,
farming enterprises,
multinationals etc.
Community
Village tribunals, voluntary
associations, informal
networks, patron-client
relationship, NGOs
Family/kinship
Household, extended family,
lineage groups etc.
DIR - F03
36
Concept 3: Institutional analysis

Five aspects of an institution:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rules: How are things done?
Activities: What is done?
Resources: What is used, what is produced?
People: Who is in, who is out, who does
what?
5. Power: Who decides, whose interests are
served?
DIR - F03
37
Concept 4: Institutional gender policies

Three categories of gender policies:
• Gender- blind
• Gender-aware


Gender-neutral
Gender-specific
• Gender-redistributive
DIR - F03
38
DIR - F03
39
Concept 5: Underlying and structural causes

Examines:
• Immediate, underlying and structural
factors responsible for problems
• Effects on those involved
DIR - F03
40
Causes and effects
Effects
Long-term effects
Intermediate effects
Immediate effects
Causes
Immediate causes - 4 levels
Intermediate causes – 4
levels
Structural causes – 4 levels
DIR - F03
41
Social Relations Framework (SRF) - 2

Strengths:
• Used at different levels for planning and policy
development
• Presents a broader picture of poverty
• Focus on structural analysis and processes of
powerlessness and marginalisation
• Links micro- and macro-level analysis
• Emphasises gender relations and puts gender
at the core of the analysis
DIR - F03
42
Social Relations Framework (SRF) - 3

Weaknesses:
• May give an overwhelming impression of large
institutions
• Overlooks the potential for people to effect
change
• Women may get subsumed into other social
categories
• Appear to be complicated
DIR - F03
43
A word of caution!!



Gender analysis should not be used as a
rigid neutral technical tool imposed by
outside ’experts’ !
Women and men must be accorded an
active decision-making role in their own
development !
Gender analysis can never replace
empathy and sensitivity in development
work!
DIR - F03
44
Exercise 3: Mini-case studies

Read the 4 mini-case studies and discuss
the following questions:
1. How does this project affect the workload
and/or status of women?
2. How, if at all, could this project be sustained?
3. How, if at all, does this project contribute to
the equality of women?

Please feed back your answers to the
plenary.
DIR - F03
45
This was all for today –
thank you for your attention
– it has been a pleasure!