Transcript CONTROL SYSTEM CONTROL MOVEMENT OF TRAIN

“CONTROL
SYSTEM”
CONTROL MOVEMENT OF TRAIN
AND SIGNALLING
INTRODUCTION
• Basic objective of signalling is to control the
movement of train
• A view to ensure safety by preventing
accidents
• To achieve the goal three aspects is important
• Safety
• Speed
• Traffic density
INDIAN RAILWAY NETWORK
• Despite the phenomenal increase in traffic, the
number of train accidents has come down from
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464 in 2000-01 to 234 in 2005-06.
In 2006-07, there were195 accidents, the
lowest since 1960's.
• Indian railways, the largest rail network
in Asia and the world's second largest
under one management, are also
credited with having a multi gauge and
multi traction system.
INDIAN RAIL NETWORK
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The railways have
7566 locomotives,
37,840 coaching vehicles,
222,147 freight wagons,
6853 stations,
300 yards,
2300 goodsheds,
700 repair shops,
1.54 million workforces.
• Indian Railways runs around
11,000 trains everyday, of which
7,000 are passenger trains.
Various control system that governs
the movement of train
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“One engine system only” system
“following train” or “time interval system”
“pilot guard” system
“ train staff and ticket” system
“absolute block” or “space interval” system
“automatic block” system also called
automatic signalling”
“Centralized traffic control” system {C T C}
“automatic train control” system {A T C}
“cab signalling and continuous automatic train control
with automatic train protection
anti collision system
ONE ENGINE ONLY SYSTEM
When railways first started, company probably
possessed only one engine and few carriages.
Only one train is therefore allowed to run at any
any time, and question of any collision do not
arise. Unless the engine has returned no other
engine can be sent on line. This system is
suitable for small section
FOLLOWING TRAIN OR TRAIN INTERVAL SYSTEM
• In this method, a fixed interval of time is
maintained between departure of consecutive
train. This fixed time is calculate on basis of
sufficient distance that is need to be kept
between the train. This method is still used in
case of emergencies such as failure of block
telegraph, telephone and method is also used
on short double line branches
PILOT GUARD SYSTEM
When on single lane the system of communication
between two office does not exist , pilot guard
system Of working is used . Under these system one
person known as “pilot guard” accompanies the train
(or he may also give written authority to proceed
into the section) to the station ahead and returns
after adequate interval (15 minutes) to the same
station with another train. Thus the pilot guard
system of both one engine only and following train
system in its working
• This system under specific occasion such as
• A failure of block-telegraph or telephone
system in case of single line .
• In double line, when one line is out of order
and other line is to be up and down trains
TRAIN STAFF AND TICKET SYSTEM
• It is similar to pilot guard system in which
there is only one and only one authority for
permitting train to enter the section, the train
staff. In thus case the train staff or ticket
issued by the station master where the train
staff is positioned at that time, take the place
of pilot guard on his ticket as the authority for
taking the train into the section. Train can
follow one another at fixed intervals from the
station where train staff is situated
ABSOLUTE BLOCK OR SPACE INTERVAL
SYSTEM
• This system is most extensively used in INDIAN
RAILWAYS, about 90% of train are controlled by
this system. In this system entire track is divided
into section called “blocks section”, separated by
block station, each station provided with block
instrument. These instrument are used to show
whether the section ahead is clear or reserved
from train. These block are linked both by
telegraphically for operation of block instrument
and telephonically for verbal exchange of
information. Block station is under charge of a
station master.
ESSENTIALS OF ABSOLUTE BLOCK SYSTEM
• No train should leave the station , unless permission to
do so has been received from block station in advance.
• No train should be given permission to approach a block
station
• In case of double line, when the line on which train being
run is clear upto an adequate distance beyond the first
stop signal at station at which permission is being given.
• In case of single lane, when line is free of train and is
clear upto adequate distance beyond the first stop signal
and is free from train running in opposite direction or will
be free of trains after the complete arrival of train going
towards the station to which the permission is being
given . These are essentials for reception of trains.
• When two train are on same track and running in
same direction, the permission to approach for
the second train should not be given unless
1 The first train has arrived at proper position
within the home.
2 All the signals behind the first train have been
put back to “on” position.
3 The line is clear up to first stop signal of the
station but also for an adequate distance
beyond it.
4 All the switches or points have been set, facing
points locked and trailing points bolted for the
second train.
BLOCK INSTRUMENT FOR DOUBLE
LINE
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Block Instruments:
Instruments to signal for each line are provided at signalboxes where Double Line Block system is in
operation. The instruments consist of:
Two dials
A plunger
A black button
A switch handle
A bell
The left hand dial has a red needle referring to trains approaching the signalbox.
The right hand dial has a black needle referring to trains departing the signalbox.
The needles have two positions: "Cleared" means train cleared and "On Line" means train on line.
The plunger is used for giving the code signals on the bell. The bell at the signalbox at the other end
of the section will sound once each time the plunger is depressed.
The black button controls the black indicating needle and is pressed in order to place the indicator
to the "Train on Line" position or restore it to the normal position.
The switch handle has two positions "On" and "Off" corresponding to the two positions of the
indicating needles "Cleared" and "Train on Line".
The normal position of the switch handle is 'Off' and must be placed to the 'On' position before
acknowledging the 'Is Line Clear?' or 'Section Clear but Station or Junction Block' bell signals. The
switch handle must remain in the 'On' position until necessary to be placed in the 'Off' position. It
must be placed in the 'Off' position prior to giving the 'Train Arrival' signal or acknowledging the
'Cancelling' signal.
• Different sets of token are used for different block
section
• In case of double lane, each of the block
instruments is provided with two dials one for
dispatch and other and other for receiving the
train. One dial for each track so incase of double
lane track, one train on each track can remain in a
block at a time. For a single lane track, one train
can remain in track.
• In single-track, a token is taken out by the station
master given to the train guard to indicate block
section is clear.
• In double line track, indication of track being
clear or engaged is given by simply turning the
key knob which deflects the needle on the dial
accordingly.
AUTOMATIC BLOCK SYSTEM (OR AUTO
SIGNALLING)
• This system is improved version of absolute block
system and avoids the possibility of accidents due
negligence on part of human beings. In this particular
system the signals are actuated by the trains
themselves and therefore, the trains can follow each
other between two stations. The section between two
station is divided into number of blocks (one block 5 to
7 Km length.
• An electric currents is conveyed through electric
currents curcuited tracks. When a train enters a
particular block, the electric current put the signal in
danger position ( red light ), for the particular block
until the train has gone nearly two block away.
ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC BLOCK
SYSTEM
• Human error is eliminated which leads to
grater safety.
• reduce operation cost.
• Increase traffic density.
• No block instrument is required.
• Incase failure of signals due to current, the
signals are made to bring to danger position.
Computer based Centralised Traffic
Control (CTC) Train Management
and Information System (TMS):
• Centralization of operation of all points and
signals at various station and on section of
railway at one single location and
concentrating the control over all points and
signal indication into hands of single official.
This official thus has control over traffic
movement over the section
• C T C system was introduced in U S A , and
introduced in N F & N E railway in India recently.
• In this system control panel is used which
illuminated track diagram showing relative
position of signals , points and track circuits
together with their reference number.
• There are number of thumb switches below the
illuminated track diagram for the control of points.
• Below the thumb switches, the signal thumb
switches are mounted to operate signal in
different position .
• There are switch to determine direction of
movement of train and the signal in opposing
direction remain in danger position.
• Dispatcher makes all the arrangement for
crossing, points and signals, can also be done in
advance and is free to do office works.
• This system increase the track capacity, and is also
capable of detecting defects of track.
• Train can run at maximum speeds as the driver
has not to give any signals because driver is
warned by means of whistle or red-light in his
cabin if approaching to stop signal , even the
driver fail to obey the signal brakes will be
automatically applied.
• Computer based Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) and
Train Management and Information System (TMS):
• The work on Ghaziabad-Kanpur section with
• CTC/TMS will be completed by 2009 under the German
Bank funded project.
• This system provides efficient rail services, giving the
commuters accurate information on real time basis
about the status of train services.
• All train movements are displayed on a video
projection screen in control room.
• TMS on Mumbai Suburban section of Western Railway
has been commissioned.
• The work of TMS on Central Railway is likely to be
completed by 2009.
Automatic Train Protection and
Warning System
• Automatic Train Protection and Warning System is an
aid, which provides audiovisual warning to the driver
and prevents him from passing signals at danger.
Presently, an AWS is working on Mumbai suburban
area of Western and Central Railways. AWS on 128
kms stretc .
• Railways have taken the initiative for provision of Train
Protection and Warning System TPWS for providing an
aid to driver to prevent cases of ‘Signal Passing at
Danger’ (SPAD) as a safety measure.
• TPWS is being provided over 250 Route Kilometres on
important sections of Northern Railway, North Central
Railway and work on Southern Railway is in progress.
• ATP signalling codes contained in the track circuits are transmitted
to the train. They are detected by pick-up antennae (usually two)
mounted on the leading end of the train under the driving cab.
• This data is passed to an on-board decoding and safety
processor. The permitted speed is checked against the actual
speed and, if the permitted speed is exceeded, a brake application
is initiated.
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In the more modern systems, distance-to-go data will be
transmitted to the train as well. The data is also sent to a display in
the cab which allows the driver of a manually driven train to
respond and drive the train within the permitted speed range.
• At the trackside, the signal aspects of the sections ahead are
monitored and passed to the code generator for each block. The
code generator sends the appropriate codes to the track circuit.
• The code is detected by the antennae on the train and passed to
the on-board computer. As we have seen, the computer will check
the actual speed of the train with the speed required by the code
and will cause a brake application if the train speed is too high.
DELHI METRO RAIL
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The underground sections have
Centralized Automatic Train Control (CATC)
comprising Automatic Train Operation(ATO)
Automatic Train Protection (ATP)
Automatic Train Signalling (ATS)
ANTI COLLISION DEVICE
• Anti Collision Device: An Anti Collision Device (ACD)
also called “Rakshakavach” has been developed by
• Konkan Railway Corporation
• with their technical partnertem
• kernex microsystem
• to prevent
• Collisions at high speed, which might be caused due
to mistakes committed by human agency at time of
failure of Signalling
• and Interlocking Systems.
ACD
• ACDs have knowledge embedded intelligence. They
take inputs from GPS satellite system for position
updates and network among themselves for
exchanging information using their data radio
modems to take decisions for timely auto-application
of brakes to prevent dangerous ‘collisions’,
• ACDs fitted (both in Locomotive and Guard’s Van of
a train) act as a watchdog in the dark as they
constantly remain in lookout for other train bound
ACDs, within the braking distance required for their
relative speeds
• They communicate through their radios and identify
each other. If they happen to find themselves on the
same track and coming closer to each other, they
automatically restrain and stop each other, thereby
preventing dangerous head-on and rear-end collisions.
• Loco ACD of a train also applies brakes to reduce the
train speed either to 15 km/h if on approach it receives
a message from other train bound ACD that has
stopped in a block section on adjacent track (and driver
of that train has yet not communicated that things are
‘Normal’) or to bring the train to a stop if train bound
ACDs of other train are radiating ‘train parted’ message
thereby preventing dangerous side collision that may
occur due to infringement of adjacent track by a
stopped or a ‘parted’ train, respectively.
Mr B Rajaram
A C D at Level crossings
• Loco ACD on receipt of ‘Gate Open’ input from
Gate ACD (provided at non-interlocked level
crossing), applies brake to regulate its train
speed. Gate ACDs fitted at manned and unmanned level crossings also give audio-visual
‘Train Approach’ warning to road users if an Loco
ACD also gives ‘Station Approach’ alert to the
driver and regulates its train speed when it
receives information from Station ACD to this
effect, namely, either main-line is occupied by a
train OR a load stabled on it and not fitted with
ACD OR if route for train reception is not set for
main line ACD fitted train approaches them
ACD Project commissioned in Indian Railway
(Work sanctioned for another 3500RKm)
Route Kms = 1760, Stations = 202
1 Fixed ACDs –
Station ACD, Level Crossing ACD,
ACD Repeater, Locoshed ACD etc.
578
2 Mobile ACDs Loco ACD
567
Guard ACD (Passenger)
82
Guard ACD (Freight)
133
Total
1360
GPS Satellites
Location
Speed
Course of Travel
Time
UHF Data
Radio Modem
Gate UNIT
GPS Receiver
Inter-ACD Radio Communication
Loco
Working of “on-board” System
Receive inputs from satellites, communicate with Gate Unit
using radio modems & use intelligence to act
– To prevent ‘dangerous’ Collisions
Unit
for Locomotive
( L 435 x W 203 x H 342 mm )
Location Box for Gate Unit
Driver Console
( L215 x W80 x H125)
DRIVER'S CONSOLE
L 9 9 9 9 9
1 9 : 2 6
SOS
ACD-OK
KONKAN RAILWAY CORPORATION LTD.
ACD-M
Scenario - Gate Approach
ST 34 6 GATE
APPROACH
19:26
• Train approaches the Gate ST 346 At
approximately 2000m from the Gate ‘Gate
Approach’ message and audio buzzer
appears for 10 seconds
Scenario – Gate OPEN
ST 34 6 GATE
OPEN
19:26
• Level Crossing Gate ST 346 is detected to
be OPEN – Audio Visual Indication is
automatically activated to draw the attention
of the Driver and brakes are applied to
reduce the speed to 15 Km/h.
FUTURE OF “A C D” IN INDIA
• Pilot project of "Provision of ACD Network" has
been successfully commissioned recently on the
Northeast Frontier Railway (of Indian Railways),
covering 1736 Route km (of its Broad Gauge
route). Final commissioning trials of ACD network
installed on 760 km of Konkan Railway route is
presently underway.
• Anti Collision Device (ACD), which is an on-board
train protection device and also the first ever
device in the world indigenously developed by
Konkan Railway with their Techical Partner Kernex
Microsystems (I) Ltd, will be in place by 2013 on
the entire Indian Railway network so as to reduce
chances of Train collisions