Transcript Slide 1

What Are We Learning
Today?
3.4 Analyze the motives of nation and state
involvement or noninvolvement in international
affairs (economic stability, self-determination,
peace, security, humanitarianism)
What motivates you to do
certain things?
Needs & Wants
• Think about the range of human activity on this
planet and what motivates ppl to take action.
Psychologists believe that ppl are motivated by
both needs and wants.
• Needs are the basic elements – food, water,
shelter, health – required for survival. Wants
are things that ppl desire, regardless of whether
the desired object contributes to their survival.
Ppl may, for example, want a cellphone, a
fulfilling job, or to dress in the latest fashion, but
they do not need these things to survive.
Get in a group of 3 or 4. Your task
is to list as many needs as you can.
Go beyond just basic needs like
food and think of other needs like
friendship. After you have compiled
your list, rank everything from 1 to 5
as a group. 1 = if I don’t have it I’ll
die, 5 = I still think it’s a need but
not as vital as all the other things.
Abraham Maslow
• Both needs and wants are powerful motivators
that encourage ppl to go to school, to practice a
skill, or to work at a job.
• Psychologist Abraham Maslow believed that
human needs follow a universal pattern or
hierarchy. He said that all humans are
motivated to meet their basic survival needs,
which would be located at the bottom of the
hierarchy. Once these needs are met, ppl begin
to be concerned about other needs as they
move up the hierarchy.
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
• Why do you
think Maslow
chose to show
these needs as
a hierarchy?
(Pg. 210)
Maslow’s Critics
• Maslow’s theory is not
universally accepted. Some
critics believe that human
nature is too complex to
depict as the kind of
hierarchy he envisioned.
They say, for example, that
some humans are born with
a powerful need to help
others and that, in some
cases, this need may
override their own need for
safety and security.
Motives of Successful Nations &
Nation-States
• Just as the behaviour of individuals is motivated
by a complex variety of needs ands wants, so,
too, are the actions of nations and nationstates. Nations are made up of human beings
and nation-states are made up of – and
governed by – human beings.
• Successful nation-states, especially those with
democratic gov’ts, are often motivated by the
need to serve their citizens by providing
economic stability, peace and security, selfdetermination, and humanitarian activities.
Economic Stability
• Pg. 211.
• Economic stability depends on a # of factors,
including high employment. High employment
promotes economic stability because ppl who
have jobs have more money to spend. When
ppl spend money on goods and services, they
create demand – and demand requires more
goods and services. The demand for more
goods and services means that employers like
to hire more workers. This creates more jobs
and leads to high employment.
Economic Stability
• High employment helps create prosperity for
individuals and also for gov’ts, which are able to
collect more taxes and use the proceeds to pay
for gov’t services. (Figure 9-5)
More Jobs
PPl With Money to Spend
Increased Demand
More Goods &
Services Purchased
Peace & Security
• Pg. 212.
• Ppl who live in countries where they do not feel
safe may be unable to attend school or work
productively – and citizens who feel insecure
are more likely to oppose the gov’t.
• In addition, countries need well-educated, welltrained workers because a skilled and
experienced workforce helps create economic
prosperity. This need motivates gov’ts to try to
ensure the safety and security needs of
citizens.
Peace & Security
• In countries like Canada, where the Charter of
Rights and Freedoms guarantees security of
the person, security is considered a human
right that the gov’t must provide. Ppl also have
access to a legal system that helps keep the
peace and settle disagreements fairly & safely.
• Like individuals, nation-states are also
motivated by concerns about national peace
and security. Ppl around the world want to be
free of war and to feel protected against
ruthless gov’ts that seek conquests.
NATO
• Independently and collectively, states have
taken steps to promote peace and ensure that
their citizens can live safely. Canada, for
example, belongs to a # of organizations whose
goals involve ensuring national security.
• These include the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization, an alliance of more than 25
countries, including Canada. NATO’s purpose
is to safeguard the freedom and security of its
members.
Defending our Air Space
• The North American
Aerospace Defense
Command is a
Canada-US
partnership that is
responsible for
defending North
American air space.
• The United Nations is
an organization
dedicated to improving
world peace and
security. (Pg. 212)
Self-Determination
• Pg. 213.
• Nations and nation-states also want to control
their own fate and may try to do this by seeking
either self-determination or outright sovereignty.
Example: Soviet Union.
• Indigenous ppls around the world are also
fighting to achieve greater self-determination. In
the colonial era, many Indigenous ppls lost
control over their own lives to imperial powers.
Today, they are seeking to determine for
themselves the future course of their own lives.
This may mean seeking independence or selfdetermination within a larger nation-state.
Humanitarianism
• Many nation-states also take action to relieve
suffering and protect the innocent. Natural
disasters, disease, war, and conflict can all
cause tremendous suffering. In these situations,
many countries offer humanitarian aid, which
may include providing money and supplies, as
well as accepting and sheltering refugees.
• Every year, the Canadian gov’t directly
sponsors more than 7000 refugees. Private
groups, which are responsible for the ppl they
sponsor for a year after their arrival, sponsor
several thousand more. (FYI pg. 214)
Re-examine Maslow’s hierarchy
of human needs. Which category
do you think includes ppl’s need
to help others? How might
offering humanitarian aid benefit
nations and countries?
Homework
• Read pg. 216-217 that compares the African
countries of Zimbabwe and Botswana.
• 1. Give an example of each country addressing
it’s need for peace and security, economic
stability, self-determination, and humanitarian
activities for better or for worse. Should have 8
points, 4 for each. (8 marks)
• 2. Answer question #2 pg. 217. (2 marks)
• 3. Answer question #3 pg. 217. (4 marks)
What Are We Learning
Today?
3.5 Explore understandings of nationalism.
How Do Motives of Nations Shape
Their Responses to the World?
• The responses of nations and states to world
events are often motivated by a complex range
of factors linked to ppl’s needs. A country in
which ppl want peace and security, for
example, may choose to withdraw from contact
with other nation-states and focus on its own
affairs. (Example: appeasement)
• When deciding how to respond to the world,
countries may choose from a range of
possibilities. We’ll look at some of those here.
Isolationism
• True isolationism means that a country
completely opts out of participating in int’l
social, economic, political, and military affairs.
• Until 1854, Japan, for example, had followed an
isolationist policy for more than 2 centuries.
During this time, Japan’s isolation was so
complete that foreigners were barred from
entering the country and trade with other
countries was discouraged.
Famously Neutral Switzerland
• The nearly complete isolationism practiced by
Japan is rare. More commonly, countries
choose to follow an isolationist policy in one
area but not in others.
• Switzerland, for example, refuses to take sides
in disputes with other countries and has not
joined military alliances. But this country also
maintains diplomatic ties with other countries
and is a member of the United Nations. And
Switzerland has joined other countries in
environmental and economic agreements.
Unilateralism
• Countries are sometimes motivated to respond
to events on their own, or unilaterally.
• Unilateralism became an issue during the
nuclear arms race, which pitted the US and its
allies against the SU and its allies. When the
arms race began after WW II as part of the Cold
War, ppl feared that nuclear war would destroy
life on Earth. Countries began to discuss arms
reduction and even full disarmament – the
destruction of all nuclear weapons by all
countries.
What is acid rain?
Acid Rain Knows No Boundaries
• Acid rain affects the environment because it
destroys life in lakes and rivers, damages
buildings, and hurts crops. It is carried across
borders on air currents, so pollutants generated
in the US may fall as acid rain in Canada and
vice versa.
• The Canada-US Air Quality Agreement requires
the 2 countries to work toward reducing toxic
emissions that cause acid rain and to cooperate
on conducting scientific research into the
problem.
Bilateralism
• When 2 countries are motivated by the same
issue or need, they may take bilateral action.
Bilateralism refers to agreements between 2
countries.
• In 1991, for example, Canada entered into a
bilateral agreement with the US in an attempt to
solve the problem of acid rain – precipitation
that had been turned acidic by air pollutants
such as sulfur dioxide. These pollutants are
emitted into the atmosphere by vehicles and
industry. (Figure 9-13)
Multilateralism
• Multilateralism involves several countries in
working together on a given issue. Middle
powers – countries such as Canada, Australia,
and Chile, which are not superpowers but still
exercise a degree of influence on world affairs –
have traditionally chosen multilateral solutions.
• The influence of middle powers is increased
when they stand together. Powerful int’l
organizations such as the UN and the World
Trade Organization (WTO) are multilateral.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JovxCYw5HLs
Supranationalism
• Supranationalism is an approach that involves
agreeing to abide by the decisions of an int’l
organization made up of independent appointed
officials or representatives elected by member
states.
• Many view the European Union as a
supranational organization because, when they
join, member states must give up some control
over their own affairs and adhere (stick) to EU
policies.
Giving Up Power to the EU
• In the EU, decisions are made by the majority
and are rarely unanimous. Still, all members
must abide by the majority decision, so
countries must sometimes go along with
policies and actions they disagree with.
• With the change of currency, however, this was
not the case. While most members of the EU
gave up their national currency and adopted the
euro, the common currency of the EU, other EU
members like Britain and Denmark chose not to
do this. Why do you think that is?
Would you vote to give up
Canadian money and adopt a
North American currency if it
seemed to promise more
economic stability? Why or
why not?
Internationalism
• For many ppl, thinking globally means
embracing internationalism.
• Internationalists believe that all members of the
global community accept collective
responsibility for the challenges that face the
world – and that varying motives of nations and
nation-states must be respected in the search
for solutions.
What is the WHO?
World Health Organization
• The WHO was established in 1948 as an
agency of the United Nations. The WHO is an
example of an organization that takes an
internationalist approach. Human health is a
concern that knows no borders. Contagious
diseases can quickly spread around the world
and threaten everyone.
• WHO staff co-ordinate info. about diseases
such as influenza, malaria, smallpox,
tuberculosis, and AIDS. They also collect stats
on nutrition, population planning, sanitation, and
the health of mothers and children. (Web)
The Eradication of Smallpox
• One of the WHO’s greatest triumphs has been
the eradication (complete destruction) of
smallpox, a disease that had killed tens of
millions of ppl over the course of human history.
• A worldwide vaccination campaign began in
1966. By the end of the 1970s, WHO officials
had declared that the last case of smallpox had
been found and that the disease had been
eradicated. This internationalist activity
provided ppl everywhere with more security and
stability.
Smallpox
The Arctic Council
• The Arctic Council is another example of an
organization that takes an internationalist
approach to resolving issues.
• Formed in 1996, its members include countries
with territory in the Arctic: Canada, Denmark
(Greenland & Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland,
Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, and
the US.
The Arctic Council
• The council also includes permanent
representatives of 6 organizations representing
Indigenous ppls who live in the Arctic regions of
member states. This combination of gov’t and
Indigenous ppls’ representatives is a unique
form of internationalism.
• The Arctic Council promotes sustainable
development and is dedicated to protecting the
region’s fragile environment. A priority is
monitoring and supporting research on the
effects of climate change in the Arctic.
What are NGOs?
NGOs
• Individuals can also practice internationalism
through non-governmental organizations, or
NGOs. The creation of NGOs is often inspired
by individuals and groups who see a need that
is not being met by gov’ts.
• Right to Play
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnSQ6puqz
V8
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJP8KYlKib
Q
What Are We Learning
Today?
3.6 Analyze how internationalism can be
promoted through foreign policy.
International Law & Agreements
• Int’l co-operation is essential when the national
interest or foreign policy goals of 1 country
conflict with those of another.
• To help resolve the disputes arising from these
conflicts, a body of int’l law has developed. Int’l
law is based on int’l treaties, agreements, and
conventions; UN resolutions; and widely
accepted int’l practices.
The Problem with International Law
• Int’l law is interpreted by the UN’s Int’l Court of
Justice, or World Court. The World Court tries
to settle int’l disputes peacefully. However,
some countries are reluctant to recognize its
authority or abide by its decisions.
• The US, for example, has refused to accept the
authority of the World Court since 1986. At that
time, the court ruled that the US had violated a
# of int’l laws by helping rebels who were trying
to overthrow the gov’t of Nicaragua.
The Int’l Law of the Sea
• The United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea is an example of an agreement that
has become part of int’l law.
• This agreement sets out rules for the high seas
(water that lie beyond the territorial waters of
any country). It defines territorial waters as
those extending 22 km from a country’s coast
and gives coastal countries, such as Canada,
the exclusive right to control fishing, mining,
and the environment in an area up to 370 km
from shore.
The Grand Banks
• The Law of the Sea has been controversial, and
Canada did not ratify (accept) this convention
until 2003. One reason for the delay was
concern over fishing on the Grand Banks.
• The Grand Banks are formed by an underwater
shelf that extends up to 730 km off the SE coast
of Newfoundland. Once, this area formed the
world’s richest fishing grounds, but
technological advances in the late 20th century
led to overfishing, often by European vessels.
This overfishing reduced fish stocks drastically
and destroyed the livelihood of many
Newfoundlanders.
Regulating Fishing
• Figure 10-9 pg. 241
• To revitalize the fishing industry and enable fish
stocks to rebound, Canada believes that it must
regulate fishing on the entire Grand Banks. As
a result, the Canadian gov’t is working to
support Canada’s claim to control the entire
continental shelf in this area.
• Figure 10-8 pg. 239
Does Canada have the right to
regulate fishing on the entire
Grand Banks?
Int’l Agreements and the Arctic
• FYI pg. 239
• Why might the Arctic be different?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YujsRuN3PK
8
• Pg. 242
• Why might an international solution to the issue
of Arctic sovereignty be necessary?
The Northwest Passage
• Figure 10-10
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8S4RN3RU
jE&feature=fvw
Foreign Aid & Internationalism
• Countries also promote internationalism by
delivering foreign aid. This money may be used
to provide basic needs to citizens of a
developing country or for infrastructure projects.
• Foreign aid has the greatest impact when
countries co-ordinate their policies. This
internationalist approach involves both the
countries giving the aid and those receiving it in
making decisions about the most effective use
of foreign aid dollars.
The 0.7% Solution
• In 1969, former Canadian PM Lester B.
Pearson challenged the world’s richest
countries to spend 0.7% of their gross national
income on foreign aid.
• Gross national income (GNI) refers to the
total value of the goods and services produced
by a country in a year, whether inside or outside
the country’s borders.
Missing The Mark
• So far, only Denmark, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden have met or
exceeded Pearson’s target. The foreign aid
spending of most developed countries is well
below this mark. In 2006, for example,
Canada’s foreign aid amounted to 0.33% of
GNI, about half the targeted amount.
• Not everyone agrees that Canada should spend
more. Many foreign policy experts believe that
the country should focus on delivering aid more
effectively, rather than on spending more
money.
Is humanitarianism the only
motive for countries to provide
aid to other countries?
Criticisms of Foreign Aid Policy
• Humanitarianism is often the main motive for
providing aid to other countries. But other
motives can also inspire nation-states to offer
aid. These may include strategic and political
interests, as well as historical relationships
between the giving and receiving countries.
• Sometimes, help is offered in the form of tied
aid. When aid is tied, strings are attached.
Donor countries may, for example, issue credits
that require the country receiving the aid to buy
goods and services only from them.
Other Issues with Foreign Aid
• Issuing credits has been criticized because
donor countries may not offer the highestquality goods and services at the cheapest
price. When aid is provided with no strings
attached, the receiving country can buy from
any source – including other developing
countries. This increases trade and
development in the countries that need it most.
• Ensuring that aid reaches the ppl who need it is
another challenge. Corrupt officials in the
receiving countries sometimes seize aid money
and supplies instead of distributing it. Also,
delays and errors often slow the delivery of aid.
Should donor countries place
restrictions on the way foreign
aid money is spent?
FYI: Someone steps on a landmine
somewhere every 20 minutes.
Landmines kill 72 ppl every day: 90% of
victims are civilians and 40% are
children. Landmines cost as little as $3
US to make but up to $1000 US to
remove. Estimates suggest that more
than 45 million landmines are still in
place around the world.
Landmines & Foreign Policy
• Controlling weapons of war is difficult, but it is
an important internationalist goal. Hundreds of
millions of landmines, for example, have been
used in conflicts around the world.
• Troops often plant them to protect their bases,
and they are a cheap and effective tool in
guerilla wars. But these weapons remain in the
ground long after a war has ended. They pose
a threat to civilians and are costly and
dangerous to remove.
United Nations Convention on
Inhumane Weapons
• In 1980, the United Nations Convention on
Inhumane Weapons tried to establish rules for
using landmines. One of the rules said that
mines must be removed at the end of a war.
• When this convention was largely ignored, the
UN tried to implement an outright ban in 1996.
But only 14 countries endorsed the ban. (Figure
10-19)
The Ottawa Treaty
• The Ottawa Treaty banned the use of
landmines and required gov’ts to contribute to
removing existing mines.
• By mid-2007, 157 countries, including Canada,
had signed this treaty. But the US, China,
Russia, and India had refused to sign, saying
that landmines are necessary for defence.
Landmines & Afghanistan
• In 2002, Canada, the European Union, and the
US committed $94 million (Cdn) to clearing
landmines in Afghanistan.
• 7000 Afghans were trained to remove the
mines, but Taliban fighters have continued to
plant them. Mines have killed or wounded
dozens of Canadian soldiers and thousands of
Afghan citizens.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oHesUQu7
D0
Peacekeeping, or Peacemaking?
• Use pgs 237-238 and 246-247 in your text
to complete the Ch. 10 Peacekeeping
Project assignment.
• Veteran’s Affairs Canada:
• http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/hrp/hrp_detail/1829\
• Laurie Hawn – information and interview: “Peacemaking, not
Peacekeeping”
• UN Peacekeeping: What is peacekeeping?
• http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/hrp/hrp_detail/1829
Canada & Fresh Water
• To most Canadians, fresh water does not seem
like a huge international issue. This is because
most Canadians have easy access to plenty of
clean water.
• In fact, Canada has up to 20% of the world’s
fresh water yet only 0.5% of the world’s
population. Therefore, there is plenty of water
for everyone.
International Need for Water
• However, for those not living in Canada, this is
not the case. Most do not have enough fresh
water to support their population.
• In 2006, the United Nations reported that 1.1
billion people had inadequate access to water
and more than 2.5 billion had inadequate
access to sanitation. In addition, nearly 2 million
children died of diseases caused by unclean
water and poor sanitation.
Control of Natural Resources
• Currently, countries control their own water
within their borders and make their own
decisions about how to use it just like any other
natural resource.
• The decisions may include selling water,
diverting water to generate hydroelectric power,
and making rules about dumping sewage into
fresh water.
Issues Over Sharing Water
• But as the world’s supply of fresh water
declines, water-rich countries are expected to
face increased int’l pressure to share this
resource. In fact, many see access to clean
water as being a fundamental human right.
• Yet not everyone agrees. Many Canadians feel
that water is a sovereignty issue and that
Canada must act to protect its national interests
in this area.
WTO & NAFTA Intervention
• Currently, the Canadian gov’t discourages bulk
water exports yet this may be about to change.
• Due to free trade and Canada joining various
supranational organizations, national water
policies may be challenged by the World Trade
Organization and the terms of the North
American Free Trade Agreement. In essence,
Canada may have to give up control of it’s vital
natural resource for the betterment of the int’l
community.
Relation to Internationalism?
• Internationalism is all about members of the
global community accepting collective
responsibility for the challenges that face the
world. Obviously, sharing water is an int’l issue
because all humans need it.
• Water is a resource that not should be exploited
or profited from. The int’l community needs to
come together to find the fairest and easiest
way to distribute a basic need to all of the
world’s citizens.
Our Solution
• Though Canada has just as much a right as any
other country to hold on to it’s natural resources
we do realize that for internationalism to work
that countries and ppl need to work together
and make concessions.
• Therefore, we propose that Canada “makes the
first move” and relinquishes control of it’s fresh
water for the greater good of humanity and to
ease concerns over the availability of fresh
water internationally.
Our Solution
• However, in order for us to give up control we
would need to see a comprehensive plan put in
place that guarantees our water is used by
those in most need of it, that it’s recycled, and
that there is no exploitation of any kind.
• We would also want this generosity to be
recognized by the int’l community in respect to
talks about the sharing of other vital resources.
Perhaps Canada, as a reward, should be given
first dibs to the massive oil reserves in the
Arctic seabed.
Notes
• Access to clean water has become an
important health issue of international concern.
• Canada is lucky to have 20% of the world’s
fresh water but is facing increased int’l pressure
to share this resource.
• The Canadian gov’t currently controls the water
within their borders but due to WTO and
NAFTA regulations they may have to give up
control against their will and jeopardize national
interests.