Poly (vinyl chloride), Sugarcane Bagasse, and Their
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Transcript Poly (vinyl chloride), Sugarcane Bagasse, and Their
Sugarcane bagasse- filled poly (vinyl chloride) composites:
An alternative use of sugarcane bagasse
Riza Wirawan1
Mohd. Sapuan Salit2
Robiah Yunus2
Khalina Abdan2
1Faculty
of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
2Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
SugarAsia 2012
Bangkok, 16-17 ay 2012
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What is poly (vinyl chloride) PVC?
Source:
– Chlorine (56.8%): NaCl
– Hydrocarbon: ethylene
less affected by the cost of petroleum and natural gas than
other polymer
Atomic mass: Cl=35.5; H=1; C=12
2
Why (PVC)?
•
Advantages
– low cost
– easy to fabricate
– high durability
– outstanding chemical resistance to wide range of corrosive
fluids
– offer more strength and rigidity than most of the other
thermoplastics
Widely used!
3
Price of Thermoplastics (March 2009)*
1200
Price (USD/MT)
1000
955
1000
970
855
825
800
670
600
400
200
0
HDPE
LDPE
PS
PP
PVC
PET
Materials
*http://www.plastemart.com
4
• Disadvantages: Safety and environmental
issues
– Vinyl chloride (VC) is reported can make serious
health problem
– When PVC is processed, it produces hydrogen
chloride and dioxins => damage the atmosphere
The issues have provoked environmental
groups to criticize concerning its mass
utilization!
5
Ban PVC?
PVC
– many factories will be closed
– many labours will loose their job
Generates many social problems*
*especially in developing countries
6
An alternative: Mixing PVC with natural fibre, as
natural fibre/PVC composites:
– reduce the utilization of PVC
– reduce its inconveniences while conserving its
advantages
7
What is sugarcane bagasse (SB)?
Chemical contents of bagasse:
–
–
–
–
cellulose (35-40%)
natural rubber (20-30%)
lignin (15-20%)
sucrose (10-15%)
Fibre can be found in two parts of bagasse:
– inner (pith)
– outer (rind)
Vilay V., Mariatti M., Taib R., and Todo M. (2008). Effect of fiber surface treatment and fiber loading on the properties of bagasse fiber–
reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Composites Science and Technology , 68(3-4), 633–638.
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Why SB?
–
–
–
–
One of the natural fibres: environmental friendly
It is a residue (low cost)
the availability of it, as a waste, is high
Worldwide production of sugarcane: Over 1.4 billion (109)
tonnes per year**
Utilization of sugarcane bagasse may contributes to environmental and economic development.
*Lee, S.C and Mariatti, M. (2008). The effect of bagasse fibers obtained (from rind and pith component) on the properties of unsaturated polyester composites. Materials
Letters. 62, 2253–2256
* * FAO. Food and Agricultural Commodities Production. http://ww.fao.org, retrieved on 23 January 2010.
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Trend of natural fibre composites:
thermoset thermoplastics
Demand:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
window/door profiles,
fencing/siding/railings,
furniture,
flooring,
automotive interior parts,
pallets/crates/boxes,
marine components,
electrical plugs,
wiring ducts.
Kline & Company, inc. (2000). Opportunities for Natural Fibers in Plastic Composites, 2000, http://www.marketresearch.com.,
retrieved on October 14th 2008.
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• Pith or Rind?
• Compatibility?
• Effect of thermal history & recyclability?
11
Fibre Content
Reinforcement Effect*
s
E
Fibre
Treatment
Source
Wood
Nontreated
-
+
Djidjelli et al. 2002;
Ge et al (2004)
Wood
PMPPIC
+
+
Kokta et al. 1990;
Bamboo
-
+
Ge et al. 2004
Sisal
Silane
Maleic
Anhydride
-
+
Djidjelli et al. 2007
Oil Palm
Nontreated
-
+
Abu Bakar et al. 2005
Oil Palm
Rice Straw
Sugarcane
Bagasse
Acrylic
NaOH
-
+
N/A
Abu Bakar et al. 2005
Kamel 2004
Benzoic Acid
+
+
Zheng et al. 2007
* + represents increasing of the property with the increasing of fibre content
- represents decreasing of the property with the increasing of fibre content
Abu Bakar, A., A., H., and A.F.M., Y. (2005). Mechanical and thermal properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch-filled unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) composites. Polymers and Polymer Composites , 13 (6), 607-617.
Djidjelli H., Vega J.J.M., Farenc J., Benachour D. (2002). Effect of wood flour content on the thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of poly(vinyl chloride). Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 287(9),
611–618.
Kamel S. (2004). Preparation and properties of composites made from rice straw and poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). Polymers for Advanced Technologies , 15(10), 612-616
Kokta B.V., Maldas D., Daneault C., and Beland, P. (1990). Composites of polyvinyl chloride-wood fibers. I. effect of isocyanate as a bonding agent. Polymer-plastics Technology and Engineering, 29 (1-2), 87-118.
Zheng Y.-T., Cao D.R., Wang D.S., and Chen, J.-J. (2007). Study on the interface modification of bagasse fibre and the mechanical properties of its composite with PVC. Composites: Part A , 38 (1), 20-25.
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Thermal history affects the morphology of
polymer (i.e. degree of crystallinity).
In SB/PVC composites?
One of the thermoplastic’s advantages against
thermoset is the recyclability.
In SB/PVC composites?
13
• to investigate the effect of fibre loading and fibre
source (pith and rind) on the mechanical properties of
SB/PVC composite.
• to investigate the effect of fibre loading and fibre source
(pith and rind) on the thermal properties of SB/PVC
composite.
• to determine the influence of various chemical
treatments on the tensile properties of SB/PVC.
• to examine the influence of thermal history on the
tensile properties of SB/PVC composite.
14
• PVC: unplasticised poly (vinyl chloride)
compound (PVC) IR045A supplied by Polymer
Resources Sdn. Bhd., Kelang, Selangor,
Malaysia.
• SB: residue of the sugarcane milling process
gathered from sugarcane juice makers in
Malaysia
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Start
literature study
General
Flow Chart
fibre preparation
specimen preparation
composite processing
PVC preparation
Heat Treatment
recycling
material characterizations
data analysis
Conclusion
16
Pith
PVC
Rind
Pith/PVC
10
• Tensile
• Density
20
30
Rind/PVC
40
•Tensile
•Impact
•Flexural
10
20
30
• DMTA
• Thickness
• Water
swelling
absorption • Density
40
• Tensile
• Density
17
Single fibre tensile test
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Single fibre tensile test:
Weibull distribution
m
The cumulative failure probability, F ( ) 1 exp
, 0
0
0
is Weibull scale parameter or the characteristic stress value
m is Weibull parameter that measures the variability of the fibre
strength. Larger value of m means smaller scatter in strength
value.
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Single fibre tensile test:
Weibull distribution
The cumulative failure probability, Pi, under a particular strength
was approximated by
n 0,5
Pi
N
Where n is the number of fibres that failed at or below a certain value of
stress.
N is the total number of fibres measured
Li, Y., Hu, C., and Y. Yu. 2008. Interfacial studies of sisal fiber reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites.
Composites: Part A , 39, 570-578.
20
Single fibre tensile test:
Weibull distribution
Failure probability distribution of SBF at certain tensile stress
ln ln1 P m ln m ln o , 0
m = 2.6028 and 0 = 187.32 MPa
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Weibull Parameter
Value
Variability
Pith
52.35
2.56
Rind
187.32
2.60
Pith
2147.42
4.16
Rind
10174.49
2.68
Pith
3.80
2.79
Rind
3.28
4.12
Tensile Strength (Mpa)
Young's Modulus (Mpa)
Maximum Strain (%)
22
Tensile test of PVC and composites
23
Impact test of PVC and composites
5
Impact Energy (kJ/m2)
4
3
Pith
2
Rind
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
Fibre Content (%)
24
Flexural test of PVC and composites
70
50
40
Pith
30
Rind
20
10
4500
0
4000
0
10%
20%
Fibre Content
30%
40%
Flexural modulus (MPa)
Flexural strength (MPa)
60
3500
3000
2500
Pith
2000
Rind
1500
1000
500
0
0
10%
20%
30%
40%
Fibre Content
25
Fibre loading & fibre source vs thermal properties
Pith
PVC
Rind
Pith/PVC
10
20
30
Rind/PVC
40
10
20
30
40
DMTA
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DMTA of PVC and composites
14000
12000
40
pith
10000
8000
0
20
10
6000
14000
4000
12000
40
30
2000
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature
80
90
(oC)
rind
100
110
120
Storage Modulus (MPa)
Storage Modulus (MPa)
30
10000
8000
20
0
10
6000
4000
2000
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
Temperature
80
90
100
110
(oC)
27
120
the effectiveness of fillers on the modulus
of the composites*
E 'G
E
'
R composite
C
E 'G
E
'
R matrix
measured E’ values at 60 and 100 oC were
employed as E’G and E’R, respectively
Lower value=more effective
*L. A. Pothan, Z. Oommen and S. Thomas, Dynamic mechanical analysis of
banana fiber reinforced polyester composites, Composites Science and
Technology (2) 63 (2003), 283-293
28
DMTA of PVC and composites
pith
rind
29
Volume of interface layer.
matrix
Fibre
Interface layer
30
Bagasse
Washing
(sugar removal)
Benzoic acid
treatment
Alkali
treatment
PMPPIC
treatment
Composite processing
Benzoic
Acid
Alkali
PMPPIC
Washed
Untreated
Tensile test of composites after
various treatments
1600
Tensile strength
1318
44
50
957
40
1200
1013
1000
28
30
20
980
858
800
25
16
1400
600
17
400
10
200
0
Tensile modulus (MPa)
Tensile strength (MPa)
60
0
Untreated Benzoic
Acid
Sugar-free
Alkali
PMPPIC Untreated
Unwashed
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SEM
a: washed
b: unwashed
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SEM
SEM micrograph of (a) unwashed, (b) untreated sugar-free, (c)
benzoic acid treated, (d) alkali treated, and (d) PMPPIC treated
SB/PVC composites
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Material
preparation
Melt mixing
Tempering
at 60 oC (30 min)
Quenching
Annealing
T-Q
T-A
Hot pressing
Quenching
Annealing
HP-Q
HP-A
60
Tensile strength (MPa)
50
40
47.44938
44.11516
39.27
30
39.63
38.27
38.81
36.44446
26.89955
20
10
0
HP-Q
HP-A
T-Q
PVC
T-A
Composites
• No effect to the tensile strength of PVC
• Significant effect to the tensile strength
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of composite (especially for HP-A)
1600
Tensile Modulus (MPa)
1400
1,318
1,285
1,219
1200
1000
884
885
888
880
874
800
600
400
200
0
HP-Q
HP-A
PVC
T-Q
T-A
Composite
• No effect to the tensile modulus of PVC
• Significant effect to tensile modulusof
37
composite (especially for HP-A)
0.07
1.8
1.6
1.552
1.4
1.2
1
0.738
0.8
0.6
0.534
0.402
0.4
0.2
Strain at break (mm/mm)
Strain at break (mm/mm)
2
0.06
0.060
0.054
0.056
0.060
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
HP-Q
HP-A
T-Q
T-A
HP-Q
HP-A
T-Q
T-A
•Significant effect to the strain at break of
PVC
•No significant effect to strain at break of
composite.
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HPQ
HPA
T-Q
T-A
Melt mixing
Hot pressing
Quenching
HPQ-R
HPA-R
TQ-R
TA-R
39
50
40
30
20
10
0
HP-Q
HP-A
Composite
T-Q
T-A
1400
Recycled
Tensile modulus (MPa)
Tensile strength (MPa)
60
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
HP-Q
HP-A
Composite
T-Q
Recycled
T-A
40
Strain at break (mm/mm)
0.07
0.06
0.060
0.054
0.049
0.054
0.056
0.055
0.060
0.056
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
HP-Q
HP-A
Composite
T-Q
T-A
Recycled
41
Conclusions
• Best tensile strength and modulus: 40% rind/PVC. However, its impact
strength is lower than that of unfilled PVC.
• Pith/PVC offers higher thermal stability. Thermal stability of pith/PVC
composites increased with the increase of fibre content.
• Best treatment: no treatment
• Among all of the studied thermal histories, quenching process offers the
highest tensile properties of SB/PVC composites. Cooling of PVC at a
lower rate resulted in lower strain at break, while low-rate cooling on
SB/PVC composite resulted in lower tensile strength and modulus.
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