Transcript Diapositivo 1 - uniwersytetradom.pl
ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT
(PART 2)
Eddy Versonnen
KdG University College Antwerp
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT - GREENHOUSE GASES - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS
-
- USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS - USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
Experiments with bio-energy
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
Basic principle: Make fuels out of bio-mass • Mostly bio-mass from plants • • Plants store solar-energy by photosynthesis under the physical form of carbon compounds In theory renewable fuels are CO 2 neutral: the CO 2 caused by the combustion of bio-fuels has been taken out of the air by the plants while they were growing • In reality some energy is needed for the production of renewable fuels out of bio-mass, but the use of it surely makes a CO 2 reduction possible (watch out: fertilizing leads to N 2 O!)
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
• • • Renewable fuels (wood) are the first fuels used by men.
Fossil fuels were formed out of bio-mass a few million years ago. Different kinds of Renewable Fuels: – Biodiesel – Pure Plant Oil (PPO) – Bio-methanol – Bio-ethanol – Biogas – Bio-methane – Bio-Hydrogen – ...
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
• • ADVANTAGES: • Renewable A lot of CO 2 reduction Liquid bio-fuels are easy to handle • • Some bio-fuels can be used in conventional combusting engines with small adaptations ‘Revival’ of the European agriculture
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
DISADVANTAGES: • • • • Different studies preconceive that there is not enough cultivated land available to produce enough renewable fuels. An ethical question: use the available cultivated land for the production of food or for the production of energy Not necessary sustainable and renewable energy: for example cutting down the rain forest None or hardly any impact on the poisonous emission components
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
Bio-Diesel (Plant Oils)
* FAME: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Obtained from Rape Seed, Soybean, ..
* World Production: 5 400 000 tons (4 000 000 in EUROP) * EU Commission: Blends of: 2010: > 5,75% Bio-Diesel 2020: > 10% Bio-Diesel with Fossil Diesel * Using Bio-Diesel substantially reduces Emissions of Unburned Hydrocarbons (CH) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sulphate Particular Matter * Emissions of NO X increases
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
-
Biodiesel (Plant Oils)
* Can be used in Conventional Diesel Engines * Bio-Diesel Blends higher than B20 can cause problems with Natural Rubber Components Damage to Seals and Hoses of the Fuel System
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
Biodiesel: PPO (Pure Plant Oils)
* PPO tends to solidify at low temperature * Vehicle Modification to heat the fuel * 5% to 8% less Power * If PPO gets mixed with the lubricating Oil It reacts with the Oil This creates “Sludge” Change Oil more often
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: -
Bio-Ethanol Conventional Bio-Ethanol
* Obtained from Sugar or Starch in Crops and other Agriculture Produce Grain Starches Sugar beats Maïs * 30% CO 2 Reduction
Cellulosic Bio-Ethanol
* Derived from any Cellulose or other Renewable Bio-mass Forrestary Waste Municipal Waste * 80% CO 2 Reduction
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
Bio-Ethanol
* World Production: 40 000 000 tons Mostly in Brazil and USA 1 500 tons in Europe * EU Commission: Blends of 2010: > 5,75% Bio-Ethanol 2020: > 10% Bio-Ethanol with Gasoline
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
Bio-Ethanol
* All Gasoline Vehicles can operate on gasoline/ethanol blends up to 10% Ethanol 18 - 29% CO 2 Reduction (Compared with Gasoline) * E5: 5% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (EU) * E10: 10% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (USA) * E25: 25% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (Brazil)
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS:
Bio-Ethanol FFV (Flexible Fuel Vehicle)
* Capable of operating on 85% Bio-Ethanol and 15%Gasoline Or any Blend in between * E85: 85% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (USA, Sweden) * With 113 Octane Rating: E85 Is the highest Performance Fuel on the Market Keeps High-Compression Engines running smoothly
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT - GREENHOUSE GASES - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS - USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS
-
- USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY:
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY:
• • Advantages: • • No CO 2 emission No emissions Inexhaustible No geographical concentration Disadvantages • • No constant production: no solar energy when the sun is not shining, ...
Not directly usable for transport applications • Hard to store
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY:
- Battery - Electric
* Energy Storage in the Chemical Energy of the Batteries.
* Zero Emission: no Emissions while being driven.
* Disadvantages: Costs Speed Driving Range
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY:
- Battery - Electric
* Lead - Acid Batteries: Reduced Capacity if discharged beyond 75% on regular basis.
* Better Choice but more expensive are: NiMH Batteries Lithium Batteries
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY:
- Battery - Electric
* New developments: ELLICA (Japan) Lithium Batteries 0 to 100 km/h in 4 s Maximum Speed: 400 km/h Autonomy: 320 km
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY:
- Solar Cars
* Electrical Vehicle powered by Solar Panels * Not a practical Form of Transportation
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
AIR QUALITY THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT - GREENHOUSE GASES - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS
-
- USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS - USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Well to Wheel Efficiency (vehicle km per ha)
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen - The lightest chemical element on earth - Most existing chemical element in the universe It almost never exists as a free element on earth, but most of the time in a chemical bond * Water (H 2 O): chemical bond with oxygen * Fossil fuels: chemical bond with carbon (C) (‘hydrocarbons’, for instance CNG: ~CH 4 )
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Production methods: ‘Steam reforming’ of CNG In general from any fossil fuel (for example coal) Microbial from waste etc.
B y using Electricity for the Electrolyses of Water (2H 2 O This Electricity can be produced by: 2H 2 +O 2 ) * Wind Energy * Solar Energy * Nuclear Energy Hydrogen: a new fuel?
- City Gas = coal – gas - Up to 60% Hydrogen
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
H 2 : most energy per kg
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Zero Emission: - No emission while being driven Two different Applications: - Internal Combustion Engines * Combustion with oxygen from the ambient air 2H 2 +O 2 2H 2 O + heat - Fuel Cells * Electro-Chemical reaction with oxygen from the ambient air 2H 2 +O 2 2H 2 O + e -
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
* Hydrogen is an Energy Carrier, not an Energy Source (like a Battery) * Hydrogen can be stored more easy than Electricity
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen as an energy buffer
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen as an Energy Buffer • Hydrogen can be used to store energy which is provided by door fluctuating sustainable sources as: – Wind Energy – Solar Energy – Hydroelectric Energy Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier • Manageable way to store electricity on board of a vehicle – Vehicles running on hydrogen – Hydrogen as an alternative Energy Carrier for road transport
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
- Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines
* Slightly Modified Version of the Traditional Gasoline Internal Combustion Engine
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen: Advantages
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells Vision of our future by the European Commission European Commission EUR 20719 EN – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells – A vision of our future
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen: Challenges • Storage: H 2 is a very light gas: 14 times lighter than air • 1 kg of Hydrogen contains as much energy as 3.6 litres of gasoline • At ambient pressure and temperature: - 3.3 m³ of Hydrogen contains as much energy as 1 litre of gasoline (a tank with 50 litres of gasoline contains as much energy as 165 m³ of Hydrogen)
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen Storage
* Compressed Gas 350 - 700 bar * Special Tanks reinforced with carbon fibres * 9 litres of compressed Hydrogen (700 bar) is equivalent to 1 litre of gasoline
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen Storage LH 2
* Liquid Gas -253 °C * A super isolated Tank protects the Liquid Hydrogen from heat * After 3 days a critical pressure is reached * 4 litres of Liquid Hydrogen is equivalent to 1 litre of gasoline
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen: Storage * In solid state, adsorbed in metal hydrides * In the future: Storage in Carbon Nanotubes This will have important repercussions concerning the weight and the volume of the Hydrogen Storage
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen: Challenges * Production: Big investments in sustainable energy are necessary to replace a small fraction of the worldwide oil consumption by Hydrogen * Transport: Same challenges as for Hydrogen storage Advantage: the existing network to transport natural gas can be used for the transportation of Hydrogen. (with small adaptations) * The cost-price must be reduced: – Production cost – Storage (expensive tanks) – Internal Combustion Engines – Fuel Cells
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Hydrogen: Safety As with any other energy carrier: safety risk Characteristics: * Wide flammability: mixtures between 4 and 75% Hydrogen and air are inflammable (gasoline in air is inflammable between 1 and 7.6%) * Low ignition energy * Much lighter than air * Very diffuse: spreads out very fast * C olourless flame * Few radiant heat
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Safety: Hydrogen versus Gasoline * Left: Hydrogen powered vehicle * Right: Gasoline powered vehicle After 3 seconds After 1 minutes
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
After 1min30
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Research at KdG University College • Internal Combustion Engines running on Hydrogen
HCNG
pressure
–
bus running on a mixture of 20% Hydrogen and 80% CNG, stored under • Opel Combo running on Hydrogen * VW Caddy demonstration vehicle running on Hydrogen • • Future plans concerning Hydrogen • Developing a specialised motor management system Maritime Internal Combustion Engine 6.2l V8 running on Hydrogen Fork-lift truck running on Hydrogen Adaptation of an Internal Combustion Engine to run on Methanol
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
HCNG - Engines
* Hydrogen can be used in different blends with CNG in in Internal Combustion Engines.
* This is an essential step to the 15% HCNG Hydrogen 27% CO 2 based Reduction Transportation of the Future
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER:
Potential of Internal Combustion Engines running on Hydrogen • • • • • • More powerful than Internal Combustion Engines running on gasoline Higher efficiency than Diesel engines The most stringent emission standards achievable, without complicated after treatment of the exhaust gasses Flex-fuel is possible Reduced costs Well known technology Adaptation of existing Internal Combustion Engines for Hydrogen
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen