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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
BIOFUELS
Carlos Sousa
AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency of
Almada
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
SUMMARY
1. Definition of Biofuels
2. Types of Biofuels
3. Characteristics of Biofuels
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
DEFINITION OF BIOFUELS
Biofuels are liquid fuels, which are made from a variety of sources of
biomass:
• plant materials
• types of crops
• recycled or waste vegetable oils
Biofuels can be used in internal combustion engines, as a replacement
or complement of petrol and diesel.
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
BIOFUELS
Reasons for promoting biofuels are:
• To contribute to the security of energy supply;
• To contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions;
• To promote a greater use of renewable energy;
• To diversify agricultural economies into new markets.
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
TYPES OF BIOFUELS
The two main biofuels are:
1. Bioethanol, as a substitute or additive for petrol;
2. Biodiesel, as a substitute for diesel;
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
BIODIESEL
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is a general name for methyl esters from organic feedstock.
Biodiesel can be made from a wide range of vegetable oils:
• rapeseed – the most common one
• sunflower
• palm oil
• soy
• recycled cooking oils
Germany and France are the largest EU producers
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
USE OF BIODIESEL
• Biodiesel can be used pure or blended.
•
Most common blends is 5% biodiesel,
95% diesel
• Blends above 5% may invalidate
manufacturers warranty
• Blends above 30% may require
modifications in the engine
•
rubber seals perishing and injectors
blocking
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
BIODIESEL AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Use of 100% biodiesel would reduce “life-cycle” CO2 emissions by 40 to
50%.
But, this is not common…
…Use of 5% blend reduces CO2 emissions by 2 to 2.5%.
Biodiesel is biodegradable
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
BIOETHANOL
Bioethanol is a alcohol produced from the fermentation of:
• sugarcane and corn: Brazil and USA
• sugar beet or wheat: Europe, mainly Spain, Poland and France are the
main producers
• Technology to produce bioethanol from cellulosic materials (agricultural
and wood wastes) and separated domestic wastes is not yet well
developed
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
BIOETHANOL
• A 5% blend of Bioethanol does not require vehicle modifications, nor
affects manufacturers warranty.
• Substitute for MTBE in petrol (octane enhancer)
• Flexible Fuelled Vehicles, FFV, can use higher concentrations of
bioethanol
• Ford, Volvo and Saab sell FFV (blend of 85% bioethanol and 15%
petrol)
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
USE OF BIOETHANOL
• The energy content of bioethanol is about two-thirds that of petrol
• Consumption is higher (volume)
• Bioethanol is an alcohol – contains oxygen (C2H5OH)
• Need to adjust air/fuel ratio – modern engines do it up to 10%
bioethanol blends
• Bioethanol has a higher latent heat of evaporation
• poorer cold start ability in winter. Petrol may need to be used for start
• Bioethanol is an octane enhancer
• Higher compression ratios may be used – More efficiency!!
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
BIOETHANOL AND THE ENVIRONMENT
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
BIOETHANOL AND THE ENVIRONMENT
• For 100% bioethanol the reductions are typically 50 to 60% on a “lifecycle” basis compared with conventional fossil fuels.
• 5% blends would bring approximately 2.5 to 3% net reductions.
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
BIOFUELS – ECONOMIC ASPECTS
• Producing biodiesel from oil seeds costs about twice as much as diesel
from crude oil
• Producing bioethanol costs about 2-3 times as much as petrol from
crude oil
Thus…
• Duty reductions or exemptions are necessary
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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES
Thank you for your attention!
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