Transcript Self-Organization in Natural Systems - IRIT

Self-Organization in Natural Systems
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MANO Jean Pierre
Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• What are the
mechanisms for
integrating subunits
into a coherently
structured entity?
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• What are the
mechanisms for
integrating subunits
activity into a
coherently structured
entity?
– From simple neurons to
the thinking brain
– From individuals to the
society
– From molecule to
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• What are the
mechanisms for
integrating subunits
activity into a
coherently structured
entity?
– From simple neurons to
the thinking brain
– From individuals to the
society
– From molecule to
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
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• What are the
mechanisms for
integrating subunits
activity into a
coherently structured
entity?
– From simple neurons to
the thinking brain
– From individuals to the
society
– From molecule to
C3H4O4
NaBr
NaBrO3
HSO3
C12H8N2SO2Fe
Malonic acid
Sodium bromide
Sodium bromate
Sulfuric acid
1,10 Phenanthroline
ferrous sulfate
Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• Definitions
• Pattern formation
In living and non-living systems
• Social systems
Sociality and gregarism
• Cellular systems
Cells build animals
• Properties of self-organized systems
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• Definitions
• Pattern formation
In living and non-living systems
• Social systems
Sociality and gregarism
• Cellular systems
Cells build animals
• Properties of self-organized systems
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Definitions
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• What is Chaos ? [Poincarré] [Lorenz] [Prigogine]
disorder, confusion, is opposed to order and method
“Chaos” define a particular state of a system that is
characterized by the following behaviors:
• Do not repeat
• Sensible to initial conditions: sharp differences can produce
wide divergent results
• Moreover, ordered and characterized by an unpredictable
determinism
– When moving away from equillibrium state => high organization
– Non equillibrium phasis: bifurcations
– Amplification => Symetry break
Definitions
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• What is Self-organization in natural systems?
Self-organization is a process in which pattern at the
global level of a system emerges solely from numerous
interactions among the lower level components of the
system. [Deneubourg 1977]
Moreover, the rules specifying interactions among the
system’s components are executed using only local
information, without reference to the global pattern
In other words, the pattern is an emergent property of
the system, rather than a property imposed on the system
by an external influence
Definitions
•
•
•
•
•
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What is an emergent property ?
Many Agents
Simple rules
Conditions
Many interactions
Decentralization
Emergent properties
• Unreductibility
• Macro-level (odre magnitude difference)
• Feed-back effect on the micro-level
Observation
s
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• Definitions
• Pattern formation
In living and non-living systems
• Social systems
Sociality and gregarism
• Cellular systems
Cells build animals
• Properties of self-organized systems
Non-living pattern formation
• Based on physical and
chemical properties
– Belousov-Zhabotinsky
reaction
– Bénard convection cells
– Sand dune ripples
– Glass cracks
– Mud cracks
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Non-living pattern formation
• Based on physical and
chemical properties
– Belousov-Zhabotinsky
reaction
– Bénard convection cells
– Sand dune ripples
– Glass cracks
– Mud cracks
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Non-living pattern formation
• Based on physical and
chemical properties
– Belousov-Zhabotinsky
reaction
– Bénard convection cells
– Sand dune ripples
– Glass cracks
– Mud cracks
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Non-living pattern formation
• Based on physical and
chemical properties
– Belousov-Zhabotinsky
reaction
– Bénard convection cells
– Sand dune ripples
– Glass cracks
– Mud cracks
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Non-living pattern formation
• Based on physical and
chemical properties
– Belousov-Zhabotinsky
reaction
– Bénard convection cells
– Sand dune ripples
– Glass cracks
– Mud cracks
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerization
Occular dominance stripes
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerization
Occular dominance stripes
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerization
Occular dominance stripes
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerization
Occular dominance stripes
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerization
Occular dominance stripes
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerization
Occular dominance stripes
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerisation
Occular dominance stripes
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerisation
Occular dominance stripes
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerisation
Occular dominance stripes
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerisation
Occular dominance stripes
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• Most of those patterns are
in fact fixed states of
reactions that have occurred
long time ago…
Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns characterizing
individuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Giraffe coat
Zebra
Leopard
Vermiculated rabbitfish
Cone shells
Finger prints
Morel
Metamerisation
Occular dominance stripes
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• Most of those patterns are
in fact fixed states of
reactions that have occurred
long time ago…
… or process is still running.
Mechanisms ?
Activation-inhibition mechanism
autocatalyzis
Inspired by equations
of reaction-diffusion
[Turing 1949]
+
ACTIVATEUR
ACTIVATOR
inhibition
+
-
INHIBITEUR
INHIBITOR
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Degradation
Slow
diffusion
Degradation
Quick
diffusion
The activator autocatalyzes its own production, and also
activates the inhibitor. The inhibitor disrupts the autocatalytic
process. Meanwhile, the two substances diffuse through the
system at different rates, with the inhibitor migrating faster.
The result: local activation and long-range inhibition
Activation-inhibition mechanism
• Activation-inhibition and self-organization
share a common mechanism
– Starting point: a homogeneous substrate
(lacking pattern)
– Positive feedback
(short-range activation, autocatalyzes)
– Negative feedback
(long-range inhibition)
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• Definitions
• Pattern formation
In living and non-living systems
• Social systems
Low dynamic
Sociality and gregarism
High dynamic
• Cellular systems
Cells build animals
• Properties of self-organized systems
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Pattern formation in colonies activity
• Patterns resulting from the
activity of a society of…
social insects
–
–
–
–
Ants
Bees
Wasps
Termites
Mammalians
– African Mole-rats
– Humans
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Pattern formation in colonies activity
• Patterns resulting from the
activity of a society of…
social insects
–
–
–
–
Ant
Bees
Wasps
Termites
Mammalians
– African Mole-rats
– Humans
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Pattern formation in colonies activity
• Patterns resulting from the
activity of a society of…
social insects
–
–
–
–
Ant
Bees
Wasps
Termites
Mammalians
– African Mole-rats
– Humans
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Pattern formation in colonies activity
• Patterns resulting from the
activity of a society of…
social insects
–
–
–
–
Ant
Bees
Wasps
Termites
Mammalians
– African Mole-rats
– Humans
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Pattern formation in colonies activity
• Patterns resulting from the
activity of a society of…
social insects
–
–
–
–
Ant
Bees
Wasps
Termites
Mammalians
– African Mole-rats
– Humans
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Pattern formation in colonies activity
• Patterns resulting from the
activity of a society of…
social insects
–
–
–
–
Ant
Bees
Wasps
Termites
Mammalians
– African Mole-rats
– Humans
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Pattern formation in colonies activity
• Patterns resulting from the
activity of a society of…
social insects
– Ant
• Several orders of size
– Bees
magnitude difference
– Wasps
• Those patterns result of the
– Termites
permanent activity of
society’s elements…
Mammalians
– African Mole-rats
– Humans
Causality and mechanisms ?
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Pattern formation in colonies activity
• Environmental constraints
– Openess
– Heterogeneity…
• Template
– Gradients
– Grids…
• Stigmergy [Grassé 1959]
Indirect interactions between animals
– Local environmental changes (pheromones, mud pellets…)
Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
54/80
Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
55/80
Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
58/80
Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Microorganisms
Insects and Crustaceans
Social insects
Fishes
Birds
Mammalians
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Those patterns result from a
Microorganisms
permanent reorganization…
Insects and Crustaceans
…mechanisms ?
Social insects
Alignment -attraction
Fishes
• No leader
Birds
• No preexisting tracks
Mammalians
• High sensitivity to
heterogeneities
• Based on the nearest neighbor
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Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Those patterns results from a
Microorganisms
permanent reorganization…
Insects and Crustaceans
…mechanisms ?
Social insects
Fishes
• No leader
Birds
• No preexisting tracks
Mammalians
• High sensitivity to
heterogeneities
• Based on the nearest neighbor
61/80
Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Those patterns results from a
Microorganisms
permanent reorganization…
Insects and Crustaceans
…mechanisms ?
Social insects
Fishes
• No leader
Birds
• No preexisting tracks
Mammalians
• High sensitivity to
heterogeneities
• Based on the nearest neighbor
62/80
Pattern formation in biological
systems
• Patterns occurring during
collective movement
Those patterns results from a
Microorganisms
permanent reorganization…
Insects and Crustaceans
…mechanisms ?
Social insects
Fishes
• No leader
Birds
• No preexisting tracks
Mammalians
• High sensitivity to
heterogeneities
• Based on the nearest neighbor
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Attraction-repulsion mechanisms
• Relations between Activationinhibition mechanisms and
attraction-repulsion
mechanisms
+
Degradation
Slow diffusion
ACTIVATEUR
ACTIVATOR
+
-
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INHIBITEUR
INHIBITOR
Degradation
Quick diffusion
• They share a common
mechanism
– Starting point: a
homogeneous substrate
(lacking or different pattern)
– Positive feedback (local
activation or attraction rate to
aggregates size)
– Negative feedback (longrange inhibition, depletion in
individuals)
-
ATTRACTION
STRENGTH
+
Short range effect
+
CONSUMPTION of FREE
PARTICLE
Long range effect
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• Definitions
• Pattern formation
In living and non-living systems
• Social systems
Sociality and gregarism
• Cellular systems
Cells build animals
• Properties of self-organized systems
How cells build the animal ?
• From one cell to the next generation…
• From one cell to the thinking brain…
• Planed mechanisms:
– Expression of the genetic program
• Scale changes
– And long range communication
• Self-organizing mechanisms
– Reaction-diffusion (activation-inhibition)
– Cells migrations (Aggregation-repulsion)
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How cells build the animal ?
• Why has evolution “chosen” these types of
solutions?
• Biological Constraints
– Physical – Energetical – Turn over – Replication -
• Limited amount of genetic information
• Enormous amount of
complexity
– Morphogenic
– Physiological
– Behavioral
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How cells build the animal ?
•
•
•
•
Cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell communication
Cell memory
• Regenerative potential
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How cells build the animal ?
•
•
•
•
Cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell communication
Cell memory
• Regenerative potential
Strict genetic
program
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How cells build the animal ?
•
•
•
•
Cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell communication
Cell memory
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Amplification of a
behaviour (metabolism)
• Regenerative potential
trigger: cell
How cells build the animal ?
•
•
•
•
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Cell proliferation
Contact
Direct
Mechanical
Cell differentiation
Cell communication
Indirec Secretion
Cell memory
t
diffusion
At different range and time
• Regenerative potential
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How cells build the animal ?
•
•
•
•
Cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell communication
Cell memory
Nucleus
(DNA)
Cytoplasm
Controled
exchanges
–
–
–
–
RNA
Proteins
…
toxins
• Regenerative potential Internal state, memory
of previous events
(environments)
How cells build the animal ?
•
•
•
•
Cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell communication
Cell memory
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• Accidental changes in cell
environment
– Backward differentiation
• Not all animals
– Global communication
(blood circulation
and nervous system)
• Not all cells
• Wounds should respect
• Regenerative potential
– Gradients
– Periods of sensibility
How cells build the animal ?
•
•
•
•
Cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell communication
Cell memory
• Low dynamic :
STRUCTURES
• High dynamic :
FUNCTIONING
• Regenerative potential
– Neural activity
– Immune system answer
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• Definitions
• Pattern formation
In living and non-living systems
• Social systems
Sociality and gregarism
• Cellular systems
Cells build animals
• Properties of self-organized systems
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• The modeling is relatively easy.
– Environment
– Time
– Topology
• Unraveling the real biological mechanisms
remain extremely difficult
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
Many agents
Decentralization
Many interactions
Simples rules
Emergent properties
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• Adaptive advantages of self-organized systems
– Robustness
– Error tolerance
– Self-repair
– Ease of implementation
– Simple agents.
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
Conclusion
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Self-Organization in Natural Systems
• Why is all of this important?
– Many biological systems have evolved decentralized
solutions to their vital challenges.
– Through self-organization, evolution has stumbled
upon a wide range of extremely efficient, relatively
simple solutions for solving very complex problems.
Reference and further readings
• Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and
Chaos.
aldrop 1992.
• Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively
Parallel Microworlds. Resnick 1994.
• The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the
Complex. Gell-Mann 1994.
• The Self-Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature. Ball 1999.
• Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Holland 1998.
• A brief history of stigmergy. Theraulaz, Bonabeau 1999 Artif. Life 5
• The formation of spatial patterns in social insects: from simple
behaviours to complex structures Theraulaz, Gautrais, Camazine,
Deneubourg
• Self-organization in Nature Deneubourg Camazine 2002
• Comment les cellules construisent l’animal Chandebois 2003
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