Transcript PARC-AUTO PANEL: WHO RENTS? WHO SHARES?

Study ordered by City on the Move and
conducted at INRETS by Diallo Mamadou Sanoussi
under the supervision of Laurent Hivert and Francis Papon
PARC-AUTO PANEL:
WHO RENTS?
WHO SHARES?
[email protected]
[email protected]
Breaking
the « car & owner » paradigm
 The « car & owner »
harmonious couple
 Nearly all adults who
can drive and afford a
car do own a car and
drive it most of the time
 But, excessive solo
driving threatens
sustainability
 Constant annual
mileage per car =>
reduce car ownership
26-oct-05
 Unfaithfulness:
driving not my own car
 Car sharing clubs:
recent and small scale
 Car rental:
well established
economic activity
 Car sharing within
households:
wide-spread habit
Who rents? Who shares?
Household car sharing favours
alternative transport modes
%
share in all trips
share in
car driver trips
modal share CD
individual
drivers
shared
drivers
41
20
70
82
28
69
Source: Papon, 2001 from 1994 French transport survey data
•strong relationship between potential drivers and actual drivers
•shared drivers use other modes 72% more than individual drivers
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
Car rental is marginal
in transport research
 Tissier-Desbordes,
 In France, the car
Cova & Manceau,
rental market scored
2005, Projet
1.6 billion euros in
Possession/Location, City
2002;
on the Move
 "rent-a-car" societies,
 International Fr, It,
insurance companies,
comparison De, UK
car manufacturers
 Sociologists’ and
seem very interested in
economists’ review
this market evolution.
 Highlight etymology
 Frequently rented
articles analyse
 Consumers survey and
companies interview.
Who rents? Who shares?
26-oct-05
Objectives
Who rents?








Who shares?
How often, long?
 Which cars?
Which trend?
 Whether more licences?
Which households?
 Which households?
How old, high, rich?  How old, high, rich?
Where?
 Which drivers?
Which owned cars?
 Which gender?
When, why, how?
 Which trend?
How to model?
 How to model?
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
Overview
Data
Car rental





Car sharing
Frequency and trend
Household features
Licences and cars
Context
Model
 Licences and cars
 Wages
 Gender issues
 Age groups
 Trend and model
Conclusions
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
The Parc-Auto database
 Annual postal surveys
conducted by SOFRES
 Panel of 10 000 French
households since 1983
 Renewal rate of the
sample by 1/3 per year
 Weights: region,
agglomeration size,
number of persons in hh,
age, occupation of head
 Representative of French
households and cars
26-oct-05









About 100 questions:
Car ownership
Car characteristics
Main and secondary users
Previous car
characteristics
Car use behaviour
Attitude towards
automobile
Opinion vis-à-vis car
brands
Purchasing intents
Who rents? Who shares?
Two key questions
 Car rental:
 “During the last 12
months, did you — or
another person from your
home — rent a car in
France for personal
purpose?”
 “Yes.” 2308 (4.2%)
 Sample 1994-2001:
54 742 households-years
26-oct-05
 Car sharing:
 “Is this car
occasionally used
by other persons?”
(from household
or not)
 “Yes.” 3256 (40%)
 Sample 2001:
8177 cars
Who rents? Who shares?
Renting households: no trend
6,00%
Proportion of households renting a car during the year
5,00%
4,22%
4,00%
3,00%
2,00%
1,00%
0,00%
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
Two-thirds are one-time renters
more often
5%
n.a.
1%
3-4 times
11%
twice
17%
once
66%
Annual renting frequency
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
Most hires are short
(short = 1 to 4 days; long = 5-30 days)
3-4 times long &
short
4%
more often shortmore often long &
short
2%
3%
n.a.
1%
3-4 times short
6%
twice long
2%
once n.a.
9%
Renting frequency
and length
twice long & short
2%
twice short
11%
once short
40%
twice n.a.
2%
once long
18%
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
Car rental is occasional
 29% of renters in year t  For a minority of
rent again in t+1
renters, renting is a
sustained habit
 51% of renters in both
year t and year t+1
 Multi-renters rent
rent again in year t+2
more often next year
 And so on
Among those renting in year t
several times once not
Proportion of sample
1% 3% 96%
Rent at least once 47% 22% 3%
again in
once 34% 16% 2%
year t+1 several times 13% 6% 1%
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
Renters earn high income
(over 200 000 francs)
renters
all
n.a.
3%
low
10%
high
51%
high
25%
n.a.
4%
middle
36%
middle
Distribution of households by income group
49%
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
low
22%
Renters live in the Paris area
MARSEILLE
2%
renters
rural
14%
PARIS
38%
PARIS
16%
all
LYON
2%
LILLE
2%
village
10%
village
17%
city
town
23%
10%
MARSEILLE
2%
LYON
LILLE
3%
1%
26-oct-05
rural
25%
town
13%
city
22%
Distribution of households by habitat
Who rents? Who shares?
Renters are middle-aged hhh*
renters
65 & +
12%
all
18-24
3%
65 & +
27%
18-24
3%
25-39
29%
25-39
39%
40-64
46%
40-64
41%
*hhh: household head. Distribution of hhh age groups
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
Renters have higher position
and more active hhh
renters Distribution of household head occupation
craftsman
farmer
/trader/
all craftsman
0%
not working
3%
professional
6%
/trader/
professional
5%
farmer
not working 2%
upper position
6%
10%
upper position
31%
pensioner
18%
pensioner
33%
worker
12%
employee
10%
26-oct-05
middle
position
20%
middle position
14%
worker
19%
Who rents? Who shares?
employee
11%
6,00%
5,00%
4,00%
3,00%
2,00%
Considered
age groups
1,00%
over 18
over 15
26-oct-05
5p
er
so
ns
er
so
ns
any
4p
er
so
ns
3p
2p
1p
Number
of persons
in household
er
so
ns
0,00%
er
so
n
Proportion of households
renting a car during year
Households with an even
number of adults rent more
Who rents? Who shares?
Renting households
hold more licences
4 licences
4 licences
renters
&+
&+
2%
3% no licence
2%
3 licences
3 licences
7%
9%
1 licence
36%
2 licences
50%
2 licences
45%
all
no licence
11%
1 licence
35%
Distribution of households by the number of driving licences
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
One car households rent less
car ownership not significant
four cars
1%
three cars
5%
renters
four cars
1%
no car
21%
three cars
4%
no car
20%
two cars
25%
two cars
29%
one car
44%
Distribution of households by car ownership
26-oct-05
all
Who rents? Who shares?
one car
50%
Renters own multiple, young,
large engine, high quality cars
8,00%
7,50%
7,00%
Proportion of
renting households
young car
old car
new car
second hand
small engine
medium engine
large engine
low quality
medium quality
high quality
6,50%
6,00%
5,50%
5,00%
4,50%
4,00%
3,50%
3,00%
2,50%
0
26-oct-05
1
2
Who rents? Who shares?
3
Number of cars
13% of renters vs 7% of all
move house during year
 Those moving
 Among van renters,
house rent a car
last renting context
twice more often
other
vacations
9%
11%
(7.6% vs 4.2%)
 Those renting a van
weekend
rent a car 2.5 times
17%
more often and
vice-versa, but
confusing question
regular
4%
moving
59%
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
Modelling car rental
 Less significant
variables
(Backward
elimination):
 Number of working
persons
 Number of adults
 Area type
 Number of cars

Region
26-oct-05
 Most significant
variables (Forward or
Stepwise selection):
 Income
 Habitat
 Hhh age
 Hhh position
 Number of persons in hh
 Number of licences




Number of young cars
Number of large engine cars
Number of persons over 15
Number of high quality cars
Who rents? Who shares?
po
si
ti o
n
ha far
m
h a bi t e r
bi at v
ta ru s
t
he
ra mi
v
h
ad
ab illa l v dd
po ha ita ge s P le
si bi t c v ar
tio ta it s is
n t t y Pa
w ow vs ris
o
h
he
ab rke n v Par
a
h it r s i s
he d p ha ab at vs Pa
ad os bit ita Lil m ris
l
po itio at M t L e v idd
si n e a yon s P le
tio m rs
a
n p eil vs ris
pe loy le Pa
n e v r
he sio e v s P is
ad ne s ar
m is
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ad
be i n se
r co s
po
la of a me
si
rg d
ti o
e u
n
up y en lts
pe ou gin
r ng e
vs
m car
id
dl
e
he
ad
Selected variables yielding
low or high renting activity
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
26-oct-05
max
0,800
min
0,600
odd ratio
0,400
0,200
0,000
Probability of renting as compared to reference
Who rents? Who shares?
Who rents? Summary
Renting households are mainly working,
high income, middle-aged households,
living in the core of big cities, and in
particular in Paris.
Most of them have several driving licences
and recent, high power, high quality cars.
Car rental is mainly an occasional practice.
Yet for a minority of renters, it is a sustained
habit: 30% of households renting a car
on year n rent again on year n+1.
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
A fuzzy concept of sharing
 Only drivers
not passengers
 From household
or outside
 During the last
12 months
26-oct-05
 Different aspects:
 Loan of a car
-regular or not
-different trips or
purposes
 Division of driving
e.g. long distance
Who rents? Who shares?
More licences, more sharing
One car shared the least or the most
80%
Proportion of
shared cars
77%
75%
70%
61%
60%
50%
41%
37%
40%
30%
24%
20%
15%
20%
10%
more licences
2-#cars licences
0%
Car rank
Number of
licences
one car
one licence
main car*
as defined by respondant
26-oct-05
other car
Who rents? Who shares?
Hh with more licences than cars own
41% of shared cars vs 23% of all cars
Shared cars
secondary carexcess licences
6%
All cars
secondary carexcess licences
4%
one car-one
licence
10%
secondary carno excess
licence
27%
secondary car-no
excess licence
25%
one car-one
licence
26%
one car-several
licences
29%
main carexcess licences
3%
main car-excess
licences
6%
one car-several
licences
16%
main car-no
excess licence
24%
main car-no
excess licence
24%
Distribution of cars by car rank and the number of licences
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
More licences, more sharing
Proportion of shared cars
80%
Licence structure
70%
licensed head,
unlicensed partner,
licensed other
60%
50%
licensed head,
licensed partner
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
26-oct-05
licensed head,
licensed partner,
licensed other
Size of bubble
proportional to
number of cars
in fleet
Who rents? Who shares?
licensed single
adult
licensed head,
unlicensed partner
Given licence structure, sharing
drops with car number* & rank
0
Proportion of shared cars
100%
1
2
Number of cars in hh
Overbooked cars
Secondary cars (S)
are to the right of
main cars (M)
90%
80%
3
M
70%
S
60%
M
50%
40%
S
M
S
30%
20%
10%
0%
Don’t touch my car
26-oct-05
Size of bubble
proportional to
number of cars
in fleet
Who rents? Who shares?
licensed head,
licensed partner,
licensed other
licensed head,
licensed partner
licensed head,
unlicensed partner,
licensed other
*except
licensed single adult
who share more
when own two cars
licensed head,
unlicensed partner
High income hh share more but
mainly because they own more cars and hold more licences
79% 80%
77%
75%
72%
80%
70%
Proportion of shared cars
70%
63%
60%
51%
49%
50%
44%
42%
40%
41%
37%
30%
30%
20%
26%
10%
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26-oct-05
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Car rank
and number
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l.
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Who rents? Who shares?
Household
13%
15%
income
14%
high 48%
middle 40%
low
28%
of their cars
are shared
No significant sharing disparity
according to position
Proportion of shared90%
cars
83%
87%
90%
84%
76%
78%82%
80%
78%
77%
72%
78%
71%
66%
69%
74%
70%
70%
60%
47%
41%
50%
48%
47%
40%
30%
39%
38%
39%
39%
40%
40% 33%
33%
20%
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Position
of
hhh
upper
middle
trader
employee
worker
pensioner
.
l.
17%
7%
ca
r:m
on
e
26-oct-05
16%
17%
12%
14%
10%
Car rank 0%
and number
of licences
41%
41%
Who rents? Who shares?
When more work, sharing increases, but
decreases given car-licence structure
Proportion of shared cars
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Number of
working
persons
40%
30%
20%
10%
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26-oct-05
.
l.
0%
Car rank
and number
of licences
50%
44%
38%
no working
33%
Overall sharing rate
3 working
2 working
1 working
Who rents? Who shares?
Partners share more than heads
as main users* (47% vs 38%)
Proportion of shared cars
83%
80%
Children share less
77%74%
72%
their cars
61%
90%
80%
70%
60%
52%
51%
50%
42%
41%
40%
30%
44%
33%
Main
user
32%
20%
10%
12%
15%
0%
l.
l.
partner
26-oct-05
head
.
l.
Who rents? Who shares?
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Car rank and
number of
licences
other
*but are less often
main users
of main cars
Female main users share more
90%
83%
80%
Proportion of shared cars
77%
74%
63%
70%
60%
65%
57%
50%
43%
40%
40%
30%
45%
31%
20%
19%
10%
0%
26-oct-05
.
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Who rents? Who shares?
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Car rank and
number of
licences
l.
12%
Main user
gender
female
male
Gender prejudiced driver role
main user
first other user
80%
one car
several licences
71%
Proportion of female users
70%
60%
54%
50%
46%
40%
one car
one licence
30%
Women are
more often
single
20%
10%
20%
Other car
Female
Main
user
59%
37%
58%
56%
Main car
52%
Female
Same pattern
Other
with more other drivers
user
38%
several cars
more licences
several cars
no more licences
34%
26%
Man main user
30%
40%
50%
Proportion of shared cars
26-oct-05
55%
Who rents? Who shares?
60%
70%
80%
Female household heads
share more
90%
Proportion of shared cars
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
House
hold
head
gender
30%
20%
10%
26-oct-05
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Car rank
and number
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l.
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Who rents? Who shares?
female
male
The youngest household heads
share the most
Proportion of shared cars
90%
79%
86%
69%
77%
80%
70%
60%
58%
45%
35%
50%
41%
39%
37% 46%
33%
40%
16%
30%
14%
20%
14%
17%
10%
18-24
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26-oct-05
65 & +
40-64
25-39
0%
Car rank
and number
of licences
Age of
household
head
Who rents? Who shares?
40-64 years old share more
Proportion of shared cars
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Main
user
age
40%
30%
20%
10%
65 & +
40-64
25-39
18-24
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26-oct-05
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Car rank
and number
of licences
l.
0%
Who rents? Who shares?
Car sharing is decreasing
45%
43%
41%
Proportion of shared cars
Cross-section trend
39%
37%
35%
Proportion of multi-car ownership
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Longitudinal •4 cars out of 10 are shared
analysis: 3 of them are shared again next year
Car sharing is a •6 cars out of 10 are not shared
regular practice 1 of them is shared next year
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
Modelling car sharing
 Less significant
variables
(Backward
elimination):
 Area type
 Number of adults
 Head position
 Number of persons over 15
 Number of persons in hh

Existence of public transport at
proximity
26-oct-05
 Most significant
variables (Forward or
Stepwise selection)
 Number of licences
 Number of cars
 Income
 Main user
 Main user gender





Head gender
Number of working persons
Region
Head age
Main user age
Who rents? Who shares?
Who shares? Summary
Households with more licence holders than cars share
the most: about three quarters of them share their cars.
On the contrary, single driver-single car households
have less opportunity to share: only 15% share.
Car sharing shed light on the gender role within
households: while 58% of the main users of the shared
cars are male, 55% of secondary users are female.
Car sharing is mainly a regular practice: four cars out
of ten are shared on year n, three of them are shared
again on year n+1.
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?
Conclusions
Who rents? Who shares? Who cares?
 Self established behaviour within households.
 Diverse situations that cannot be easily
handled by straightforward classifications.
 The car cannot be reduced to a personal
object.
 Car sharing also carries strong links with the
issue of car dependency.
 Sifting car availability and choice universes
may be useful for fitting disaggregated models
of sharing.
26-oct-05
Who rents? Who shares?