Transcript CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

CHEMICAL COORDINATION
AND INTEGRATION
BY
G.K.VINAYAGAM
K.V,DHARWAD
CHEMICAL CONTROL AND
COORDINATION
Endocrine glands lack ducts
and are called ductless
glands.Their secretions are
called hormones.
HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Parathyroid gland
It includes
Thymus gland and Gonads
HUMAN ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Parathyroid gland
It includes
Thymus gland and Gonads
HYPOTHALAMUS
It is the basal part of fore
brain
The hormones produced
by it are of two types.
Releasing hormone
&Inhibiting hormone.
For example GnRH
stimulates the pituitary to
release gonadotropin&
somatostatin from
hypothalamus inhibits the
release of growth
hormone.
HYPOTHALAMUS AND
PITUITARY
Hypothalamic hormones
originating in the
hypothalamic neurons
passes through the axon
and reach the anterior
pituitary through portal
system.
The posterior pituitary is
under the direct control
hypothalamic neuron.
PITUITARY GLAND
It is located just below
the hypothalamus in a
bony cavity called
Sella tursica.
Anterior pituitaryAdenohypophysis
Posterior pituitaryNeurohypophysis
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (PARS DISTALIS)
It secretes the following hormones
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin(PRL)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone(ACTH)
Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (PARS INTERMEDIA)
It secretes only one hormone called
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
It stores and releases the following
hormones.
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
GROWTH HORMONE
GH; Over secretion
leads to gigantism.
Low secretion leads to
pituitary dwarfism.
PINEAL GLAND
It is located at the dorsal side of fore brain.
It secretes melatonin.
Melotonin regulates circadian rhythm.
It maintains body temperature,metabolism
and pigmentation.
THYROID GLAND
THYROID HORMONES
Follicular cells of thyroid secretes two
hormones.
Triiodothyronin (T3) and
tetraiodothyronin(T4).
Iodine is essential for normal functioning of
this gland.
HYPERTHYROIDISM
It is the over secretion of thyroid hormones
due to cancerous growth or nodule
development in the thyroid gland.
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Deficiency iodine in our
diet results in
Hypothyroidism or Goitre.
Symptoms;
Stuntedgrowth(Cretinism),
mental retartation,low
intelligence quotient,abnormal
skin&deaf- mutism.
In women it causes
menstrual irregularities.
FUNCTIONS OF THYROID
HORMONES
It regulates the basic metabolism.
Helps in RBC formation.
Maintains ionic balance.
Thyrocalcitonin regulates blood calcium
level.
PARATHYROID GLAND
In human 4 parathyroid
glands are present.
They are located on the
back side of the thyroid
gland.
It secretes Parathyroid
hormone.
It maintains calcium
balance in our body.
ADRENAL GLAND
Our body has one pair
of adrenal glands.
It has an outer cortex
and an inner medulla.
ADRENAL CORTEX
Adrenal cortex is
divided into 3 regions
.
Outer-Zona reticularis
Middle;Zona
fasiculata
Inner Zona
glomerulosa
HORMONES OF ADRENAL
CORTEX
Adrenal cortex secretes many hormones
commonly called corticoids.
Glucocorticoid;It is involved in carbohydrate
metabolism,lipolysis&proteolysis.
It is also involved in maintaining cardio vascular
system &kidney functions.
Cortisol produces anti inflammatoy reactions&
suppresses the immune responses.
It stimulates the RBC production.
Mineral corticoids maintain ionic balance in the
body.
Sex corticoids or androgenic corticoids play a role
HORMONES OF ADRENAL
MEDULLA
It secretes two hormones namely adrenalin or
epinephrine and noradrenalin or norepinephrine.
These are commonly called as catecholamines.
These hormones are secreted in response to stress
of any kind and during emergency situation and
are called emergency hormones or hormones of
fight.
PANCREAS
It is a composite gland.
It is both endocrine and
exocrine in nature.
I t has islets of
langerhans.Islets of
langerhans has 2 types of
cells/
They are alpha cells and
beta cells.
Alpha cells secrete a
hormone called
glucagon,while beta cells
secrete a hormone called
insulin.
GLUCAGON
It is a peptide hormone
It plays an important role in maintaining
blood glucose level.
It stimulates glycogenolysis and increase
the blood glucose level (hyperglycemia).
It is a hyperglycemic hormone.
INSULIN
It is also a peptide hormone.
It enhances cellular glucose uptake and
utilisation.So there is a rapid movement of glucose
from blood to hepatocytes and adipocytes
resulting in decreased blood glucose level.
It also stimulates the conversion of glucose to
glycogen.
It is a hypoglycemic hormone.
Insulin deficiency leads to diabetes mellitus
TESTIS
A pair of testis is present in the scrotal sac of male
individuals.
It performs dual functions.
I t is a primary sex organ as well as an endocrine
gland..
It has seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue.
Interstitial cells secrete androgen or testosterone.
This hormone is responsible for the development
of secondary sexual characters in male.
It also produces anabolic effects on protein and
carbohydrate metabolism.
OVARY
A pair of ovaries are located in the abdomen of
female.
It is a primary sex organ.
It also produces 2 hormones called estrogen and
progesterone
Estrogen is produced by ovarian follicles.
It is responsible for the development of secondary
sexual characteristic features in female.
After ovulation the ruptured follicle is converted
into a structure called corpus luteum.
It secretes progesterone
THYMUS GLAND
It is located on the dorsal side of heart and
aorta.
It secretes thymosins.
I t helps in the production of T –
Lymphocytes and antibodies.
It is degenerated in old individuals as a
result the immune responses of old persons
become weak.
HORMONES OF HEART ,KIDNEYAND
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Atrial wall of heart secretes ANF.It reduces the
blood pressure.
Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produces
erythropoietin which stimulates RBC formation.
Gastrointestinal tract secretes 4 hormones namely
gastrin,secretin.cholecystokinin(CCK)&gastric
inhibitory peptide (GIP).
Gastrin-HCL & pepsinogen
Secretin –water &bicarbonates
CCK-Pancreatic enzymes &bile juice.
GIP-inhibits gastric secretion and mobility.
MECHANISM OF HORMONE
ACTION
MECHAINSM OF HORMONAL
ACTION (Intra cellular receptor)
TYPES OF HORMONES
On the basis of their chemical nature,
hormones can be divided into 4 groups.
Peptide hormones (insulin & glucagon)
Steroidal hormones (Estrogen,progesterone,
testosterone & cortisol)
Iodothyronines(Thyroid hormones)
Amino acid derivatives (Epinephrine)