Transcript Thinking, Language & Intelligence

THINKING, LANGUAGE
& INTELLIGENCE
What
goes
around
the world
but stays
in a
corner?
WARM-UP
January 21, 2014
Your tendency to see the words "went" and "ties" rather than the word
"twenties" when you look at T WENT TIES is best explained by the
organizing principle of
Select one:
a. bottom-up processing
b. closure
c. proximity
d. continuity
e. figure-ground
Receptors for kinesthesis are located in the
Select one:
a. joints
b. olfactory epithelium
c. semicircular canals
d. retina
e. taste buds
• Thinking: the mental
representation and
manipulation of information
• What is challenging about…
• Measuring thinking
• Being able to observe thinking
• Concepts: Mental categories
for classifying events,
objects, and ideas on the
basis of their common
features or properties
• Your mental “file folders”
• Think to yourself, what constitutes
a “shoe” or “dinner” or “happy”
TERMS
 Thinking
 Concepts
CONCEPTS
LOGICAL VERSUS NATURAL
Logical
Natural
 Clearly defined rules for
membership
 Poorly defined rules for
membership
 What we typically use
in everyday life
 Often commonly
understood, but
difficult to explain rules
 A figure with three sides is
a triangle
 We typically know “beauty”
when we see it, however
explaining what deems
someone beautiful is
challenging
EXAMPLE OF LOGICAL/NATURAL
Logical
Natural
Logical
Natural
 1. Being able to see the problem
 2. Develop strategies to solve problems
 Algorithms: step by step process for solving a
problem such as a formula/instructions
 Heuristics: Guidelines to help narrow possible
solutions “Rule of thumb”
 3. Evaluate Solutions: we need to be sure what
deems “success” when determining a solution.
 If the problem is, our room is messy, what
determines it’s cleanliness? If all the laundry is
out of sight, put away, floor is vacuumed?
 4. Rethink and Revisit Problems and Solutions
 A good problem solver will always go back after time has
passed and try to find an even better/more efficient way
to solve the problem.
 Can always have a better PR (personal record) for
running
FOUR
STEPS TO
PROBLEM
SOLVING
1 . Identify the
p r o b l em
2 . D ev e l o p
Solid ProblemSolving
S t r a te g i e s
3 . E v a l ua te
S o l ut io n s
4 . Ret h i n k ,
r ev i s i t a n d
i m p rov e
s o l ut i o n s
WARM-UP
January 22, 2014
Dr. Spires talks with some students before psychology class begins. Spires says, "I
believe that mental experience is best understood as a whole, rather than in terms
of its parts." Her students recognize that Spires follows which school of thought?
Select one:
a. Structuralism
b. Introspection
c. Gestalt
d. Functionalism
e. Humanism
Which of the following psychologists was part of the Gestalt group of psychologists?
Select one:
a. John Watson
b. B.F. Skinner
c. Max Wertheimer
d. Carl Rogers
e. Wilhelm Wundt
EXAMPLE OF LOGICAL/NATURAL
____________
masculine
_____________
male
HERE’S THE “PROBLEM”
 1. Identify the problem: Grocery Shopping- Solve this
addition problem as quickly as you possibly can : You are
purchasing three items at the store, at these prices :
$19.95$39.98$29.97About how much money are you
spending? (Don’t worry about a possible sales tax .)
 2. What works best here?
 Algorithms
 Heuristic
 3. How do you determine if your strategy was successful?
 What could you do next time to make it even better?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7j7E7J3f6E
- Fixation: using a prior
stagey and failing to look at
a problem with a fresh
perspective
- Functional fixedness: the
tendency to perceive
objects as limited to the
customary functions they
serve
“Need to hang this picture up, I
found a nail but I can’t find the
hammer so I can’t do it”
“BUT IT
WORKED
LAST
TIME!!!”
Terms
- F ixation
- Functional
fixedness
REASONING AND DECISION MAKING
Reasoning: To reach a conclusion by logical thinking
So when someone says “I can’t reason with them” what are they implying is
missing in their reasoning?
Inductive Reasoning
 Taking specific
observations and using
them to make
generalizations
 Also called “Bottom-Up”
 Doctors are smart
 Suzy is a doctor
 Therefore, Suzy must be
_____________________
Deductive Reasoning
 Taking a general idea
and applying to a
specific instance
 Also called “Top-down”
 For example if work under
the general idea
“Wisconsinites like
cheese” then we can make
the assumption that,
“Donna likes cheese”…or
can we?
WARM-UP
January 23, 2014
Dr. Marco explains to a client that his feelings of hostility toward a coworker are
most likely caused by the way the client interprets that coworker's actions and the
way he thinks that people should behave at work. Dr. Marco is most likely working
from what perspective?
Select one:
a. social-cultural
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. humanist
e. psychoanalytic
The research methodology Wilhelm Wundt used is called
Select one:
a. structuralism
b. scientific
c. inferential
d. introspection
e. naturalistic observation
- Confirmation Bias: the tendency to search for
and use information that supports our point of
view instead of refutes it.
- For example: When a juror decides that the
defendant is guilty even if there is strong
evidence that says otherwise
- Hindsight Bias: the tendency to lie after the
event has occurred, that we correctly predicted
the outcome.
- The cliché “I knew that was going to
happen like that”
BIAS IN
OUR
THINKING
Te r m s
- C o n f i r m a t io n
Bias
- Hindsight Bias
Mindfulness: being alert and
doing things with intention
Do you find yourself answering but
not really listening?
Do you ever agree to something
that you normally wouldn’t because
you really weren’t paying attention?
Open-mindedness: being willing
to look at things from another’s
perspective
Where do we see “closedmindedness” cause problems
today?
Why it being open-minded scary for
many people?
DO YOU
ALLOW
YOURSELF
TO
THINK…OR
NOT
REALLY?
Terms:
- Mindfulness
- Openmindedness
IF YOU HAD TO CHOOSE ONE WAY TO THINK
ABOUT THINGS, WHICH APPROACH WOULD
YOU CHOOSE?
1. The ability to think and reason clearly and to
act purposefully and effectively in adapting to
the environment and pursuing one’s goals.
2. Having original thoughts associated with the
development of new, workable products or
solutions to problems.
WARM-UP
January 29, 2014
Kat and Sue are lab partners assigned to research who is friendlier, girls or boys.
After conversing with their first 10 participants, they find that their friendliness
ratings often differ. With which of the following should they be most concerned?
Select one:
a. reliability
b. ethics
c. assignment
d. validity
e. confounding variables
Which of the following would be the most difficult to test experimentally?
a. living with cats makes people more intelligent
b. studying leads to better grades
c. exercise improves mood
d. people exposed to the color red will be more aggressive than those
exposed to the color blue
e. divorce makes children more independent
THINKING: ALL-PURPOSE ABILIT Y TO DO WELL ON
COGNITIVE TASKS, TO SOLVE PROBLEMS, AND TO
LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE
We know it when we
see it, but what is
“intelligence”
How we measure it:
 IQ: intelligence
quotient
 Validity: the test
measures what it is
intended to
 Reliability: the results
are consistent
 Standardization: how the
test is administered is
the same for all
Gifted: An IQ of 130 or higher
Intellectual disability: An IQ of 70 or lower
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
“More than one way to slice a loaf of bread”
Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Verbal: the ability to use language to express what's on
your mind and to understand other people.
Mathematical: the ability to manipulate numbers,
quantities, and operations, the way a mathematician
does.
Spatial: the ability to think three-dimensionally
Bodily-kinesthetic: the ability to manipulate objects and
to be physically adept.
Musical: the ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody,
rhythm and tone
Interpersonal: the ability to understand and interact
with others
Intrapersonal: the ability to understand oneself
Naturalist: the ability to understand how the natural
world and the human world interact
Existentialist: the ability to examine large concept
questions such as the meaning of life.
INTELLIGENCE
Te r m s
- G i f te d
- I n te l l e c t ua l
d i s a b i l it y
- M u l t ip l e
I n te l l i g e n c e
LANGUAGE
Semantics:
The meaning
of words in
context
Phonology:
Most basic
sounds of
language (sp,
ba, ha)
Language:
Communication based
on symbols that follow
systematic rules
Pragmatics:
The deeper meaning
conveyed by how we
say what we say
Morphology:
The rules for word
formation
Morpheme: smallest
unit of language that
has meaning (er = “one
who”)
Help + er “one who
helps”
Syntax:
The rules for
combining
words into
sentences
Verbal
Mathematical
Spatial
Bodily
Musical
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Natural
Existential
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HOW
WE
ADD
UP