Transcript Slide 1

Community structure of copepods from
different nearshore substrates off Tinggi and
Sibu Islands, Malaysia*
Ephrime B. Metillo1, Shuhei Nishida2, Othman BH Ross3, Fatimah Md.
Yusof4, Susumu Ohtsuka5, Mulyadi6, Shozo Sawamoto7, Jun
Nishikawa2, Hideo Sekiguchi8, Tatsuki Toda9, Nozomu Iwasaki10,
Tomohiko Kikuchi11, Nguyen Thi Thu12, Nguyen Cho13, Khwanruan
Srinui14, Wilfredo Campos15
1Department
of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan 9200,
Philippines
2Atmosphere
and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa 277-8564 Japan
3Marine
Ecosystem Research Centre, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600
UKM Bangi, Malaysia
(Addresses of other authors are in appendices)
*Paper presented in Census of Marine Zooplankton (CMARZ) Regional Symposium for
Asia, Institute of Oceanography of the Chinese Academy of Science (IOCAS), Qingdao,
China 11-14 May 2010
Copepods dominate most tropical zooplankton
samples; have pivotal role in bentho-pelagic food
webs and ecosystems and fisheries
Few studies on tropical copepods despite their
sensitivity to climate change and water pollution
Dearth of information on community structure of
tropical copepods
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
Zooplankton Biodiversity Research Group for
Southeast Asia (2004-2010) - an international
collaborative team focusing on zooplankton in
Southeast Asian waters
GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
Under an umbrella goal of developing a standard monitoring
system for the coastal waters of Southeast Asia using
copepod communities, this study was specifically aimed
to:
1. identify copepod species from small and large fractions of
samples that make up communities from coral, seagrass
and sand substrates;
2. analyze the structure of copepod communities using
univariate diversity indices and rank-dominance technique
and constrained multivariate ordination method
3. identify indicator species and assemblage of species
using Dufrene and Legendre (1997) indicator value index
Pacific Ocean
Malaysia
Peninsula
STUDY SITES
Southeast Asia
Tinggi Island
Malaysia
Peninsula
Sibu Island
Sibu Island
Coral area
offshore
inshore
200 m
inshore
Sibu Island
Sandy area
200 m
offshore
offshore
inshore
Tinggi Island
Seagrass bed
200 m
SITES (Coral, Seagrass, Sand)
STATIONS (Inshore, Offshore)
TIME: DAY (10:00, 12:00, 14:00)
NIGHT (19:00, 21:00, 23:00)
ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLING AND SORTING
Vertical tow of 100-µm net
flow meter
1m
cod end
2-kg sinker
PRIMER-E v.5 Multivariate Analysis Stages
SAMPLES
SPECIES
1234
Transformed (to
balance rarer and
common species)
Community Parameters (per sample)
Shannon Species Diversity Index
Pielou’s Evenness Index
Number of species
Number of individuals
K-dominance curves
0.8
Canonical Community Ordination (CANOCO) Analysis Stages
CANONICAL
CORRESPONDENCE
ANALYSIS:
Eigenvalues, Monte
Carlo Permutations,
Forward Selection
NO2
Salinity
Harpa
DO
Ophiop
Decap
Bivel
Tintin
Copep
CopNau
Foram
Gasvel
Chaet
Antho
Calan
Cyclo
Ostra
SecchiD
FishEgg
Polyc
Auricu
Larva pHCHLa
PO4
Salps
Zoea
TSS
FishLar
Bipinn
Pyros
Echin
-0.8
SAMPLES
SPECIES
1234
Temp
Megal
-1.0
Barcy
0.4
INDICATOR SPECIES AND ASSEMBLAGE OF SPECIES
Dufrene and Legendre (1997) Indicator Value (IndValij) Index
IndValij = Aij X Bij X 100, where
Aij = Nindividualsij/Nindividualsj
(Aij, a measure of specificity; Nindividualsij, is the mean number
of individuals of species i across sites of group j; Nindividualsj,
is the sum of the mean numbers of individuals of species i over
all groups)
Bij = Nsitesij/Nsitesj
(Bij, a measure of fidelity; Nsitesij is the number of sites in
cluster j where species i is present; Nsitesj, is the total number
of sites in that cluster. Bij is maximum when species i is present
in all objects of cluster j)
A
2o 23’
B
2o 23’
N
N
N
N
Tinggi Is.
2o 18’ N
Tinggi Is.
Malaysia
Peninsula
2o 18’ N
Malaysia
Peninsula
Sibu Is.
Sibu Is.
5 Km
5 Km
2o 08’ N
104o 04’ E
104o 12’ E
103o 52’ E
104o 04’ E
104o 12’ E
Time
Time (min)
103o 52’ E
2o 08’ N
Current velocity and direction measured by ADCP at the nearshore waters off Tinggi and Sibu
Islands. Currents shown in A were recorded during ebb tide and those in B during flood tide.
34.0
33.0
32.0
31.0
30.0
29.0
28.0
A
27.0
34.0
D1C1
coral
D1C2
N1C1
N1C2
D2C1
D2C2
N2C1
N2C2
D1CO1 D1CO2 N1CO1 N1CO2 D2CO1 D2CO2 N1CO1 N1CO2
33.0
32.0
31.0
30.0
29.0
28.0
27.0
seagrass
B
D1G1
D1G2
N1G1 N1G2
D2G1 D2G2
N2G1 N2G2
D1GO1 D1GO2 N1GO1 N1GO2 D2GO1 D2GO2 N2GO1 N2GO2
34.0
33.0
32.0
31.0
30.0
29.0
28.0
27.0
sand
C
D1S1
D1S2
N1S1
(oC),
N1S2
D2S1
D2S2
N2S1
N2S2
D1SO1 D1SO2 N1SO1 N1SO2 D2SO1 D2SO2 N2SO1 N2SO2
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Temperature
salinity (‰) and dissolved oxygen (mg L-1) measured at coral (A),
seagrass (B), and sand (C) sites. Left y-axis – temperature and salinity; right y-axis –
dissolved oxygen.
TEMP: differed between sites and
time, not between stations –
elevated values at sand site and
in the afternoon
SAL: varied between sites, but
not between stations and time –
highest from sand site
DO: varied between sites and
time, not between stations –
widest range at seagrass site
100-335 µm copepods
24 species (5 unique)
Calanoida
> 335 µm copepods
66 species (42 unique)
Calanoida
Acartia pacifica
Acrocalanus gibber
Bestiolina similis
Metacalanus sp.
Parvocalanus elegans
Paracalanus aculeatus
Acartia erythraea
Acrocalanus gibber
Acrocalanus gracilis
Acartia pacfica
Anawekia sp.
Bestiolina similis
Paracalanus parvus
Parvocalanus crassirostris
Pseudocyclops sp.
Sapphirella-type
Calanopia aurivillli
Calanopia australica
Calanopia elliptica
Calanopia thompsonii
Calocalanus sp.
Candacia bradyi
Cyclopoida
Oithona attenuata
Oithona decipiens
Oithona nana
Oithona plumifera
Oithona rigida
Oithona simplex
Harpacticoida
Clytemnestra scuttelata
Euterpina acutifrons
Macrosetella gracilis
Metis sp.
Microsetella norvegica
Poicilostomatoida
Kelleria sp.
Corycaeus spp.
Oncaea spp.
Canthocalanus pauper
Centropages furcatus
Centropages orsini
Delius sp.
Labidocera acuta
Labidocera kroyeri
Labidocera minuta
Metacalanus aurivilli
Paracalanus aculeatus
Paracalanus denudatus
Parvocalanus crassirostris
Parvocalanus elegans
Pontellopsis herdmani
Pseudocyclops sp.
Subeucalanus subcrassus
Temora discaudata
TOTAL: 67 species and 4 species group
Temora turbinata
Tortanus barbatus
Tortanus gracilis
Tortanus forcipatus
Tortanus spp.
Cyclopoida
Oithona attenuata
Oithona decipiens
Oithona nana
Oithona oculata
Oithona plumifera
Oithona rigida
Oithona setigera
Oithona simplex
Lubbockia sp.
Corycaeus asiaticus
Corycaeus catus
Corycaeus crassiusculus
Corycaeus dahli
Corycaeus erythraeus
Corycaeus latus
Corycaeus lubbocki
Corycaeus speciosus
Oncaea conifera
Oncaea mediterranea
Farranula concinna
Farranula gibbula
Kelleria sp.
Oncaea spp.
Harpacticoida
Clytemnestra scutellata
Eudactylopus latipes
Euterpina acutifrons
Macrosetella gracilis
Metis sp.
Microsetella norvegica
Microsetella rosea
Poicilostomatoida
Copilia sp.
Corycaeus andrewsi
CORAL = 56
SEAGRASS = 48
SAND = 45
Abundance (x1000)
20
15
10
5
0
D1C N1C D2C N2C D1CON1COD2CON2CO D1G N1G D2G N2G D1GON1GOD2GO N2GO D1S N1S D2S N2S D1SO N1SOD2SO N2SO
4
2
0
Species number
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
14
12
10
8
6
Shannon H’
Pielou J
A. SMALL FRACTION (100-335 mm)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
25
Diversity: for both size
fractions, similar
between sites, but
offshore stations more
diverse and species rich
than inshore stations
Abundance: small
fraction an order of
magnitufe higher than
large fraction
1
0.2
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
30
0
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0.8
0.6
Abundance (x100)
0.4
0
D1C
N1C
D2C
N2C N1CO N2CO D1G
D2G
N2G D1GO N1GO D2GO N2GO D1S
N1S
D2S
N2S D1SO N1SO D2SO N2SO
Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness index, species richness, and total abundance
in small (A) and large (B) fractions of samples.
0
Species number
3.5
Shannon H’
Pielou J
B. LARGE FRACTION (>335 mm)
1.2
Small fraction: high
abundance but low
diversity. Large
fraction: low
abundance
but high diversity
Large fraction: offshore
samples collected
at night more species
than other samples
A
B
100
60
40
20
1
2
3
4
5
80
% Cumulative Dominance
80
% Cumulative Dominance
100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
6
7
8
9
60
10
11
12
13
14
40
15
16
17
18
20
19
20
21
0
0
1
10
Species rank
100
1
10
Species rank
K-dominance curves of small (A) and large (B) fractions from samples from the three sampling sites.
100
1.0
D2G1
N2G3
Odeci
Salinity
N1G1
Dissolved
Oxygen
N1G3
D1GO3
D1GO1
N2GO3
Opl
N1SO3
N1SO1
N2S1
N1S3
Csc
D1G1
D2GO1 N1GO3
ApaN2GO1 Kel
Ppa
Pse
Pel OsiD2CO3 D1C3
Eac
D2S1
D2GO3
Sap D1SO3 D2CO1
D1S3
Depth
Ona
CasD2C3 Pac
Onc
Csp D1CO3 N1C1 D1CO1D1SO1
Oat N2CO1
Ori
Met N1CO1
Mgr
N2C1
N2G1
N1C3 Agi
PcrD2C1
N2CO3
N1CO3
N2SO1 N2S3
N1S1
N2SO3
D2G3
Mno
N1GO3
Meta
D1S1
D1C1
Bsi
D1G3
D2SO1
N2C3
-1.0
Temperature
D2SO3
D2S3
-1.0
Canonical correspondence analysis triplot for small fraction samples from three sampling sites.
1.0
0.8
D2S3
D2SO3
D2SO1
D1C1
D1SO1
N1CO3
Pde
Lmi
Csp Bsi N2CO1
N2CO3
CopOse
ClaAnaCau N1CO1
N2GO3
Tfo
Cca
N1GO3
N1C1
Cda
Oat D2C1
Ome
Onc Phe CluN1C3
N2C3
Can
Cors
Cpa D2S1 Cfu
N2GO1 N1GO1Kel Pel
D1C3
Cas ApaFgi
Met
Ode
D1G1
N2C1
Aer Ssu
Ccr
D1GO1
Osi Ona Opl
Ela Cer
Mno Agr D2GO1Oco
Agi
Tgr
D1SO3
N2G1
Fco
N2G3 D2GO3
Lub
Tba Pcr
Pac
D2C3
Cel
Pse
EacMgrOoc
Ttu
Tdi Del
D1S1
Cau Cth
Ori Cor
Tor
Mau
Depth
D2G1
D1GO3
D2G3
Mro
CscN2S1
D1G3
Temperature
D1S3
N1S1
Cal N2S3
N1S3
Dissolved
Oxygen
Cbr
Lac
N2SO1
N2SO3
Lkr
N1SO1
-0.8
N1SO3
Salinity
-1.0
Canonical correspondence analysis triplot for large fraction samples from three sampling sites.
1.5
CORAL
inshore (day & night)
offshore (day & night)
SEAGRASS
inshore (day & night)
offshore (day & night)
SAND
All day inshore and
offshore
SAND
All night inshore and
offshore
Group1
Group2
Group3a
Group3b
Species
IndValij Species
IndValij Species
IndValij Species
IndValij
Oncaea spp.
35 Oithona plumifera
11 Corycaeus spp.
39 Metacalanus sp.
62
Corycaeus spp.
32 Oithona simplex
10 Oncaea spp.
38 Microsetella norvegica
52
Microsetella norvegica
32 Parvocalanus elegans
7 Parvocalanus elegans
36 Euterpina acutifrons
45
Oithona attenuata
30 Oithona nana
7 Oithona nana
32 Oithona nana
33
Oithona nana
28 Microsetella norvegica
6 Oithona simplex
32 Oithona simplex
31
Oithona simplex
28 Acartia pacifica
6 Oithona attenuata
28 Parvocalanus elegans
30
Parvocalanus elegans
27 Kelleria sp.
6 Euterpina acutifrons
22 Clytemnestra scuttelata
24
Metis
sp.
Euterpina acutifrons
21 Oithona decipiens
6
21 Sapphirella-type
22
Oithona rigida
21 Pseudocyclops sp.
6 Paracalanus parvus
19 Corycaeus spp.
21
Acrocalanus gibber
13 Oncaea spp.
3 Bestiolina similis
16 Oncaea spp.
20
Parvocalanus crassirostris
13 Corycaeus spp.
3 Paracalanus aculeatus
13 Oithona rigida
17
Sapphirella-type
11 Euterpina acutifrons
2 Oithona rigida
9 Oithona attenuata
11
Calanoida spp.
6 Macrosetella gracilis
2 Oithona plumifera
7 Paracalanus parvus
2
Macrosetella gracilis
3 Metacalanus sp.
1 Sapphirella-type copep.
5
Bestiolina similis
2 Oithona attenuata
1 Macrosetella gracilis
5
Metacalanus sp.
1 Sapphirella-type
1 Microsetella norvegica
3
Metis sp.
1 Paracalanus parvus
1 Metacalanus sp.
1
17
17
17
13
CORAL
inshore (day & night)
offshore (day)
Group1a
Metis sp.
CORAL
offshore night
SEAGRASS
inshore (day & night)
offshore (day)
IndValij Group1b
72 Anawekia sp.
IndValij Group2a
SAND
inshore (day & night)
offshore (day)
SEAGRASS
offshore night
IndValij Group2b
IndValij Group3a
SAND
offshore night
IndValij Group3b
IndValij
50 Microsetella norvegica
72 Oithona simplex
80 Acrocalanus gibber
23 Metacalanus aurivilli
27
Oncaea spp.
49 Calanopia australica
50 Macrosetella gracilis
47 Microsetella norvegica
62 Paracalanus aculeatus
22 Farranula gibbula
23
Corycaeus lubbocki
38 Centropages orsini
50 Centropages orsini
34 Euterpina acutifrons
51 Temora turbinata
22 Acartia pacfica
22
Corycaeus andrewsi
35 Pontellopsis herdmani
36 Corycaeus asiaticus
17 Oithona rigida
20
25 Calanopia elliptica
50 Oithona oculata
27 Pseudocyclops sp.
17 Oncaea conifera
Oithona setigera
15 Parvocalanus elegans
36 Centropages furcatus
16 Corycaeus erythraeus
18
Bestiolina cf. similis
Copilia sp.
13 Subeucalanus subcrassus
26 Oncaea spp.
13 Corycaeus andrewsi
35 Temora discaudata
15 Oncaea conifera
17
13 Acartia pacfica
19 Parvocalanus crassirostris
30 Parvocalanus crassirostris
15 Microsetella rosea
17
Corycaeus latus
13 Labidocera minuta
10 Oithona plumifera
13 Oithona plumifera
10 Kelleria spp.
29 Oithona rigida
13 Oithona plumifera
15
Corycaeus speciosus
Delius sp.
13 Calanopia aurivillli
9 Corycaeus andrewsi
9 Corycaeus spp.
25 Canthocalanus pauper
12 Acrocalanus gibber
14
13 Calanopia thompsonii
9 Corycaeus asiaticus
7 Oithona nana
14
13 Oithona plumifera
7 Acrocalanus gracilis
7 Oithona attenuata
23 Acartia erythraea
21 Metis sp.
11 Corycaeus crassiusculus
Oncaea mediterranea
10 Paracalanus aculeatus
13
Paracalanus denudatus
7 Acartia pacfica
7 Parvocalanus crassirostris
20 Calanopia aurivillli
10 Subeucalanus subcrassus
13
Pseudocyclops sp.
13 Corycaeus asiaticus
13 Kelleria spp.
7 Euterpina acutifrons
6 Macrosetella gracilis
20 Corycaeus crassiusculus
10 Corycaeus asiaticus
12
Tortanus forcipatus
13 Acrocalanus gibber
7 Oithona nana
4 Acartia pacfica
19 Oncaea conifera
9 Centropages furcatus
10
Calanopia aurivillli
12 Parvocalanus crassirostris
6 Oncaea conifera
4 Acrocalanus gracilis
17 Microsetella rosea
9 Canthocalanus pauper
9
Acartia pacfica
11 Oithona oculata
6 Corycaeus spp.
4 Corycaeus dahli
17 Subeucalanus subcrassus
9 Candacia bradyi
8
Acrocalanus gibber
8 Corycaeus crassiusculus
6 Oithona rigida
8 Labidocera acuta
8
5 Temora turbinata
6 Microsetella rosea
4 Tortanus barbatus
3 Tortanus spp.
17 Corycaeus erythraeus
Parvocalanus elegans
17 Farranula concinna
6 Macrosetella gracilis
7
Parvocalanus crassirostris
5 Microsetella norvegica
5 Oithona simplex
3 Corycaeus asiaticus
17 Euterpina acutifrons
6 Microsetella norvegica
6
Corycaeus catus
5 Centropages furcatus
5 Paracalanus aculeatus
3 Oithona decipiens
13 Calanopia elliptica
4 Euterpina acutifrons
5
Oithona plumifera
4 Parvocalanus elegans
5 Parvocalanus elegans
2 Oithona rigida
9 Acartia pacfica
4
Farranula gibbula
3 Microsetella rosea
4 Acrocalanus gibber
2 Metacalanus aurivilli
Oithona decipiens
3 Temora discaudata
3 Subeucalanus subcrassus
2 Oithona oculata
8 Labidocera minuta
6 Calocalanus sp.
4 Oithona nana
4 Kerellia spp.
4 Clytemnestra scutellata
4
3 Canthocalanus pauper
3 Kelleria spp.
1 Canthocalanus pauper
1 Oncaea spp.
4 Lubbockia spp.
4 Corycaeus spp.
4 Calanopia aurivillli
4
3 Corycaeus catus
4
2 Clytemnestra scutellata
1 Paracalanus aculeatus
3 Calanopia thompsonii
3 Parvocalanus crassirostris
3
1 Corycaeus erythraeus
3 Corycaeus catus
3 Labidocera minuta
3
Corycaeus erythraeus
3 Macrosetella gracilis
Metacalanus aurivilli
3 Farranula gibbula
2 Metis sp.
Oithona rigida
4
Centropages furcatus
Corycaeus spp.
2 Canthocalanus pauper
2 Acartia erythraea
2 Oithona rigida
2
Clytemnestra scutellata
2 Farranula gibbula
3 Temora discaudata
3
Temora turbinata
1 Euterpina acutifrons
1
Acrocalanus gibber
2 Macrosetella gracilis
3 Oithona attenuata
3
Calanopia elliptica
1 Corycaeus erythraeus
1
Subeucalanus subcrassus
1 Oithona oculata
2 Temora turbinata
2
Microsetella norvegica
1 Oncaea conifera
1
Calanopia elliptica
1 Oithona plumifera
2 Farranula concinna
2
Clytemnestra scutellata
1 Corycaeus spp.
1
Acartia erythraea
1 Clytemnestra scutellata
2 Calanopia elliptica
1
Subeucalanus subcrassus
1 Corycaeus andrewsi
1
Corycaeus catus
1 Parvocalanus elegans
1
Corycaeus crassiusculus
1 Oithona nana
1
Centropages furcatus
1 Microsetella norvegica
1 Oithona simplex
1 Metis sp.
Labidocera minuta
1
Corycaeus spp.
1
Calanopia aurivillli
1
Temora turbinata
1
34
34
27
37
34
1
35
SUMMARY
1. Identified 65 copepod species from small and large fractions of samples that
make up communities from coral, seagrass and sand substrates
2. On community structure:
a. High species richness and low abundance for large fraction but
the reverse for small fraction likely due to dominance effects
b. Overall species diversity similar between sites due to high
variability between samples
c. Inshore stations had lower species richness than offshore
stations for both size fractions for all sites probably due to biological
interactions like predation and competition; highest species
richness in offshore stations at night for large fractions likely related with
advection and diel vertical migration
d. Site and time - specific assemblages or groups were explicitly
identified by CCA
e. Site- and time-specific Indicator species and assemblage were clearly
defined in large fraction samples
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Addresses of other authors
4Institute
of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
5Takehara
Station, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara,
Hiroshima 725-0024, Japan
6Div.
of Zoology, Research Center for Biology – LIPI, Jl. Raya Bogor Km. 46 Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
7Institute
of Oceanic Research & Development, Tokai University 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-8610
Japan
8Faculty
of Bioresources, Mie University, 1515 Kamihama-cho, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
9Department
10Usa
of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University
Marine Biological Institute, Kochi University, Usa-cho, Tosa, Kochi 781-1164, Japan
11Graduate
School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University 79-2 Tokiwadai,
Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
12Department
of Marine Biological Resource and Ecology, Institute of Marine Environment and Resources
246 Danang Street, Haiphong City, Vietnam
13Department
of Marine Plankton, Institute of Oceanography, Cau Da 01, Vinh Nguyen, Nha Trang, Vietnam
14Institute
of Marine Science, Burapha University, Bangsaen, Chonburi, 20131 Thailand
15Division
of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo 5023, Philippines