Transcript Document

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Introduction
B.B. Pandey
Professor in Civil Engineering
·
Desires of the people to move
Need for goods: demand for Transportation.
Transportation affects everyone on earth,
on a daily basis.
People, countries, governments, business,
whole economy rely on effective, reliable
transportation in one form or another.
Major Transportation Systems
Highways
Car, Bus, Truck, non- motorized ..etc
Railways
Passenger and Goods
Airways
Aviation and freight carrier
Waterways
Ships, boats…
Continuous Flow systems
Pipelines,belts..etc
Merits and Demerits: Based on accessibility, mobility, cost, tonnage..
Highways/ Road Transportation
Oldest mode
Foot paths- animal ways, cart path……..
As civilization evolved the need for transportation
increased
India (5,000 BC)
Egypt (3,000 BC)
Greece and Babylonia (2,000 BC)
Romans (500 BC)
Roman Roads
Modern Highway
Roman Roads
ROMANS OCCUPIED BRITAIN IN 55BC
5000KM OF ROADS BUILT IN 150 YEARS
RADIATED FROM CAPITAL LONDON
AND EXTENDING TO WALES AND
EXTENDING TO SCOTLAND
LEGIONS WITHDRAWN IN AD407
BREAKDOWN OF ROADS FOLLOWED
DURING MIDDLE AGES, RIVERS AND
SEAS –A RELIABLE MAJOR TRADE
ARTERIES
WHEELS OF CARTS DAMAGED THE
EARTH ROAD FAST
LENGTH OF STONE PAVED STREETS
BUILT FOR CONNECTING RURAL
AREAS FOR PROVISION
STAGECOACH SERVICE WAS
INTRODUCED IN UK IN 1755?
HORSES WERE CHANGED AT
REGULARLY SPACED POST
HOUSES
COACH WITH IRON SPRING
MADE THE RIDE COMFORTABLE
Contribution towards road
development
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF PAVEMENT
IN EARLY DAYS
Thomas Telfold (1757-1834)
John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836)WBM Road
Even practiced today
TELFORD CONSTRUCTION
Hand placed boulders
with decreasing depth
towards edge. Gaps filled
with smaller aggregates
MACADAM CONSTRUCTION
Foundation(subgrade cambered)
Crushed rocks of size about 40 to 75mm
placed in uniform thickness and rolled
Highway Development in India
Important land marks
Jayakar Committee (1927)
Central Road Fund (1929)
Indian Roads Congress (1934) www.irc.org.in
Nagpur Plan (1943)
Ist -20 year Road Development Plan (1943-63)
Central Road Research Institute(1950) www.crridom.org
II- 20 year Road Development Plan (1961-81)
Highway Research Board (1973)
III- 20 year Road Development Plan (1981-2001)
Important land marks
National Highway Authority of India
(1988)
National Highway
Project (1998)
Development
Road Development plan: 2001-20
PMGSY (2001)
http://morth.nic.in/index2.asp?subli
nkid=443&langid=2
Indian Road Network
About 65% of freight and 85% passenger
traffic is carried by the roads.
National Highways constitute only about
2% of the road network but carry about
40% of the total road traffic .
Number of vehicles has been growing at
an average pace of 10.16% per annum over
the last five years.
High Volume Roads
…..Recent developments in India
Lengths of Road under implementation
Golden Quadrilateral – (5,846 Kms)
connecting Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai
NH-2 Delhi- Kol (1453 km)
NH 4,7&46 Che-Mum (1290km )
NH5&6 Kol- Che (1684 m)
NH 8 Del- Mum (1419 km)
N-S and E-W corridor(7300 km)
•N-S Corridor : Srinagar (Kashmir) to
Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) including
Salem to Cochin (Kerala)
•E-W Corridor: connecting Silchar
(Assam) to Porbandar (Gujarat)
Port Connectively
•Major ports
Lengths of Road under implementation
National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is
mandated to implement National Highways
Development Project (NHDP) which is
•India 's Largest ever highways project
•World class roads with uninterrupted traffic flow
Cost of project
NHDP (Phase I & II) : 1999 -14,000 km
Rs. 54,000 crore (at 1999 prices)
NHDP (Phase III) –year 2005 for
upgradation and 4 laning of 10,000 km
of selected high-density corridors of
NH- Rs. 55,000 crore (at 2005 prices)
Major ports Connectively- Rs. 4,000
crore (at 1999 prices)
Project
Length
(In Km)
NHDP Phase-I
(i) GQ
(ii) Port Connectivity &
others
5846
1133
Target date
of
Completion
Dec., 2005
Dec., 2007
NHDP Phase-II
(i) N-S Corridor
(ii) E-W Corridor
7300
Dec., 2007
NHDP Phase-III
10,000
Dec., 2012
Total cost of Phase I and II Rs 64,639 Crores
National Highways form less than 2%
of total network
Carries over 40% of the traffic
Only 2 to 3% of NH and SH are 4-lane
15% are still single lane
50% of village roads are unpaved and
not usable during the monsoon
National Highway Authority of India
was formed in 1989
A massive program of building of
Primary network of road was
undertaken in 1995
Golden Quadrangle, East-West
Corridor and Port Connectivity by
four/six lane pavements
( Area of India is about 40% of US)
Another major road building program
was launched by the Ministry of Rural
development in 2000
Major objective :Rural connectivity
70% of people live in villages and
depend upon agriculture
40% of the villages are unconnected
by any kind of road
Recent
developmentsNH/Expressways
Recent developments- Interchange near Bangalore
Low Volume Roads
Recent Developments
Three Major programmes
PMGSY ( Pradhan Matri Gram Sadak Yojana) Year 2007
BNP ( Bharat Nirman Programme): Year 2009
Rural Road: Vision year 2025
PMGSY (Rural Roads)
To provide Connectivity, by way of an All-weather Road
to the eligible unconnected Habitations in the rural
areas, -
PMGSY Road
BHARAT NIRMAN
A FOUR YEAR BUSINESS PLAN FOR RURAL CONNECTIVITY
(2005-2009)
•To connect 66,802 habitations with all weather roads
•To construct 1,46,185 kilometers of the new rural
roads network
•To upgrade 1,94,132 kilometers of the existing rural
roads network
•Investment of Rs.48,000 crores over four years
•Ensuring quality and transparency in the programme
implementation
Transportation Engineering
Pavement Engineering
Pavement
pavement
pavement
pavement
pavement
Pavement
materials,
construction,
analysis, design,
management,
evaluation,
maintenance
Traffic Engineering
Traffic flow,
Traffic simulation,
traffic engg,
Traffic control
devices, traffic
studies and analysis
Transportation Planning
Urban transp. Planning,
urban mass transit
systems,
transportation
networks,
Transport.economics,
Rural transp. Planning,
ITS
Pavement Engineering
Preparation of DPR includes engineering surveys,
financial surveys,
viability of the project.. etc, Highway planning,
Geometric design for safe travel,
material characterization,
Pavement analysis design,
Subgrade stabilization,
construction supervision,
Pavement Maintenance
Structural and functional evaluation of highways
Highway economics
BUILT OPERATE TRANSFER
BUILT FINANCE OPERATE TRANSFER
COLLECTION OF TOLLS
LONG CONCESSION PERIOD(20/30
YEARS)
GOVERNMENT MAKES THE LAND
AVAILABLE
Structural evaluation of Pavements using FWD
Health monitoring of highways
Structural evaluation of Pavements using FWD
(IITKGP)
Traffic Engineering
Study of
Traffic flow characteristics,
development of models for better facilities,
design of Traffic facilities at intersections,
parking facilities, road signs,
Traffic studies and Analysis for improving the road
facilities- such as Volume, Axle load, O&D, parking,
Accident,
congestion,
capacity studies,
Signal design.. etc
Interchange design
Traffic Engineering Software
MXROADS- geometric design of highways
TRANSYS-F- Signal design
HCS- Highway Capacity software
MAAP- Accident analysis software
SIM Traffic- Traffic Simulation software
CORSIM- Simulation
HDM-IV- Highway Decision Model software
Transportation Planning
Passenger Transportation
Travel demand estimation techniquesTrends
ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems)
Regional Transportation Planning
Freight Transportation
Passenger Transportation
Land use Transportation Planning
Urban growth
Business: shopping mall development
Public Transportation
Bus and other modes, LRT ( Light Rail Transit)
Intelligent Transport Systems
Five Primary Functional Areas of ITS
• Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)Traffic management for better flow
• Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)information to travelers
• Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)-apply, pay for and
receive permits, registrations, and licenses electronically
• Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS)
• Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)- vehicle
distance warning system to avoid collision
Application of ITS- Electronic Toll Collection
Other applications
Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)
Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)
Traffic gauge
Light Rail Transit
Light Rail Transit
Overhead electricity source
Can operate in mixed traffic
Trains are generally 2 or 1 cars
Capacity: 2000 to 5000 /hr
Rail Transportation
16th April, 1853...............The Beginning
first railway -stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to
Thane
Track Kilometres
Broad Gauge (1676 mm)
Km 86,526
Metre Gauge (1000 mm)
km 18,529
Narrow Gauge (762/610 mm)
Km 3651
15.4 lakh work force; around 11,000 trains everyday,
http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/
Railway Engineering
Railway Engineer:
Concerned with the design and maintenance of the routes
that trains take.
Geometric design of railway track
Permanent way construction and maintenance,
Bridge construction, maintenance,
station yard
Air Transportation
Air Transportation System : Developed in 20 th century
At present – In India great emphasis on air
Transportation
Developments: Modernization of airports, strengthening
extending runways, construction of new airports- to
meet the demand in terms of increase infrequency and
introduction of new types of aircrafts
Much scope in this Transportation System in near future
Air Transportation
First Flight: Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, Dec 17,
1903
In USA, the share of air transportation among the
common carrier transport, that is railroad, bus etc > 90%.
Total number of airports : 18000,
Out of these only on 568 airports scheduled airlines
operate.
In the other ones, mostly general aviation ( business,
flying …etc) aircrafts operate
Air Transportation in India
Total airports/airstrips in India : 450
First flight: Naini to Allahabad for a distance = 10km
Airport Authority of India (AAI)
Manages 126 airports( 11 international airports, 89
domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves at Defense
airfields)
Provides Air Traffic Management Services over
entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas
with ground installations at all airports and 25 other
locations to ensure safety of aircraft operations
Major organizations related to air
Transportation
ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization( 1947 )
Specialized body of the United Nations with
Headquarters in Montreal
All countries operating international flights are
members of this organization.
Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A.)
Performs functions similar to ICAO, but inside USA
Provides standards
In India
Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)
responsible for implementing, controlling, and supervising
airworthiness standards, safety operations, crew
training in India
-Interaction with ICAO
-Conducting investigation into accidents/incidents and
taking accident prevention measures including
formulation of implementation of Safety Aviation
Management Programmes;
Source: http://dgca.nic.in/
Details of some aircrafts
A- 380 new addition
Air Transport Engineer deals with
Forecasting air transport demand,
Airport system planning,
Assessment of airport capacity and scheduling
aircrafts (Flight schedules must be optimized between
the passengers and the planes),
Geometric design of airport elements,
Runways Design- thickness, length, and direction,
passenger terminal facilities,
Parking demand and design layout in front of terminal
building,
Air Transport Engineer deals with
Runway evaluation
Traffic control patterns and procedures, design of
air cargo facilities,
Airport drainage,
Airport marking and lighting,
Environmental Impact Assessment of airport
Structural evaluation and Strengthening of Runway
Water Transportation
oldest form of mass freight
Transportation over seas or long distances
3,800 BC – Sea Travel by ruler Sargon of
Babylonia from Syria to Cyprus
94% of world trade in tonnne-km are by
water
Port - area where marine terminal
facilities are provided
River Ports
Sea Ports
Harbour - partly enclosed protected
water area to provide safe and suitable
accommodation for vessels coming to the
port.
Harbour- classification
Water Transportation
Engineer deals with
Dock / Port design, schedules, storage maximization.
Port and dock design, for ship loading, offloading,
and maintenance, construction and maintenance of
breakwaters,
dry dock and wet dock,
construction and
parking layout,
maintenance
of
port
pavement design to with stand heavy loads
facilities,
IN LAND WATER TRANSPORATION(IWT)
IWT-based passenger movement is mainly by
ferry across rivers, on short stretches along
rivers, and tourism-based passenger traffic (in
Kolkata, Sunderbans, Goa, Kerala and
northern regions).
IWAI in principle—but not in practice—
commits to maintaining a year-round draft of 2
m along the National Waterways (Planning
Commission 2001).
The National Inland Navigation
Institute (NINI) at Patna
Assigned the task of developing the
use of appropriate technology IWT.
WT is the cheapest mode requiring least
energy.
Less pollution
Road Transportation is the costliest
Movement of commodities like tea, jute,
and spices in the eastern sector,
connected to the river port in Kolkata,
was common in preindependence India.
Cargo and Passenger transport common
in Ganga river from Kolkata,Patna,
Varanasi,Allahabad in early days
Even Irrigation canals used for freight
transport
Possibly your generation may have to
do some path breaking work in this
direction
SUMMARY
Transportation is vital for the all
Need for travel creates demand for Transportation