Transcript Slide 1

Unit 3 –
Prevention Measures for
Intentional Introductions
Randy G. Westbrooks
Rebecca M. Westbrooks
Steven Manning
Global Invasive Species Programme
Cape Town, South Africa
Unit Objectives
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Understand and discuss exclusion strategies for
authorized intentional introductions
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Understand and discuss exclusion strategies for
unauthorized intentional introductions
(smuggling, mail)
Unit Outline and Agenda
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0900-1045. Major IAS in Participant Countries. Team Presentations.
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1045-1115. Break.
1115-1200. Session 1.
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Unauthorized Intentional Introductions by Mail and Transport.
1345-1400. Lab Exercise.
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Authorized Introductions – Approaches for Exclusion.
1200-1300. Lunch.
1300-1330. Session 2.
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Kenya/Swaziland; Mozambique/Ethiopia; Zambia/Uganda; Malawi/Zanzibar
Intentional Introductions that Have Become Invasive.
1400-1430. Break.
1145-1200. Summary and Review of Major Concepts.
Modes of IAS Introduction.
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National Ports of Entry – Official Gate
Ways
Modes of IAS Introduction through Ports
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Intentional Introductions
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Authorized Shipments
Smuggled Shipments (In Cargo, Mail)
Unintentional
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Stowaways in General Cargo
Hitchhikers on General Cargo
Contaminants in Seeds (Homogeneous Materials),
etc.
3.1. Preclearance - Pre-border
Inspection and Certification.
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Inspection at Point of
Origin or Port of
Export
Mitigation of Problems
in Exporting Country
Expedites Border
Clearance Process at
Port of Entry
Cadiz, Spain
3.1.1. Preclearance of Agriculture and Forestry
Species and Products.
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Target Species
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High Risk Agricultural &
Forestry Products
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Fruit
Grain
Lumber, Logs
Responsible Agency
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National Plant Protection
Agency of Exporting
Country
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Inspection and Certification
per Requirements of
Importing Country
3.2. Border Clearance of Authorized
Introductions.
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Commodities Classes
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Miscellaneous Commodities
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Certified Commodities
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Ornamental River Rocks from France
Meat from FMD Free Country
Precautionary Inspection for
Hitchhikers, Stowaways,
Contaminants
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Miscellaneous Commodities
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Container Infested With Snails
Certified Commodities
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Verify Effectiveness of Mandatory
Treatments
Detection of Hitchhikers Picked up During
Transport
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e.g. – Bee or Hornet Nest on Container
3.2.2. Case Study – Pet Animals Released.
Burmese Pythons in the Florida Everglades.
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Huge International Trade
in Exotic Animals
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70 - # Shipments of Exotic
Animals at Miami Intl. Airport
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Lizards, Snakes, Tarantulas
Burmese Python in the
USA - Factoids
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22/24 –
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144,000 –
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Price of Hatchling
5 Meters –
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# BP Imported into USA,
2001-2006
$20.00 –
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# Pythons Species Legally
Available in USA
Size of Mature BP
68 –
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# BP Captured/Killed in
Florida Everglades
3.3. International Standards for Release
of Biocontrol Agents.
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Classical Biocontrol
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Suppression of Pest with Natural Enemies
ISPM 3 – IPPC Guidelines for
Biocontrol
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Responsibilities of Governments,
Exporters, Importers of Biocontrol
Agents
National BC Program Oversight
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National Plant Protection Organization
Dossier on Target Pest and Proposed BC
Agent Species
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Pest - ID, Importance, Known Enemies
Proposed Agent – ID Host Specificity,
Hazards to Non-hosts
Hazards to Human Health
Protocols for Introduction
3.3.1. Case Study: U.S. Biological Control Technical
Advisory Group.
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Oversight Agency - USDA APHIS
TAG Members
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Process
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Other Federal Agencies (USGS, FWS, NPS, BLM,
FS, ARS, DOD, etc.)
Plant Test List of Near Relatives
Research on Near Relatives – in Quarantine Facility
Concurrence by TAG
Approval by APHIS
Release of Agent in Field
Recent Proposal – South American Sawfly
(Heteroperriyia hubrichi) for Control of Brazilian
Pepper in Florida
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Field Observations – Feeds Almost Exclusively on
BP in South America
Quarantine Research on Near Relatives in USA
– Feeds only on BP and Hawaiian Sumac (Rhus
sandwichicensis)
Recommendations:
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Release Sawfly in Florida.
Do NOT release the Sawfly in Hawaii
3.4. Phytosanitary Certification of Exported
Plant Products.
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Phytosanitary Certificates
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ISPM 12 - IPPC Guidelines for
Phytosanitary Certification
Issuing Organization
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National Plant Protection Agency
of Exporting Country
Plant Products Certified
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Exported Propagative
Materials
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Virginia Peanuts
Plants, Seeds, Bulbs, Fruits,
Vegetables, Cut Flowers, Grain, etc.
Exported Plant Products that
may Harbor Pests
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Peanuts, Wool, Cotton, etc.
Australian Wool
3.4. Model Phytosanitary Certificate.
Model IPPC Phytosanitary Certificate
No. ________
Plant Protection Organization of _______________________________________________
TO: Plant Protection Organizations) of _________________________________________
I. Description of Consignment
Name and address of exporter: ________________________________________________
Declared name and address of consignee: ________________________________________
Number and description of packages: ___________________________________________
Distinguishing marks: _______________________________________________________
Place of origin: _____________________________________________________________
Declared means of conveyance: ________________________________________________
Declared point of entry: ______________________________________________________
Name of produce and quantity declared: _________________________________________
Botanical name of plants: _____________________________________________________
This is to certify that the plants, plant products or other regulated articles described herein have been inspected and/or tested according to appropriate official
procedures and are considered to be free from the quarantine pests specified by the importing contracting party and to conform with the current
phytosanitary requirements of the importing contracting party, including those for regulated non-quarantine pests. They are deemed to be practically free from other
pests.
II. Additional Declaration
III. Disinfestation and/or Disinfection Treatment
Date ________ Treatment ___________
Chemical (active ingredient) __________________
Duration and temperature ______________________________________________
Concentration ________________________________________________________
Additional information _________________________________________________
Place of issue________________________________________________________
(Stamp of Organization) Name of authorized officer _________________________
Date _______________ (Signature)_______________________________
No financial liability with respect to this certificate shall attach to (name of Plant Protection
Organization) or to any of its officers or representatives.*
* Optional clause
Session 2. Unauthorized Intentional Introductions.
3.5. Introductions by International Mail.
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Controlled by Federal
Postal System
Routinely X-rayed and
Scanned
Opened by Customs
Officer
IAS Introductions by Mail
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Sheer Volume
Future Technology for
Detection
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3.5.1. Case Study – Illegal Introduction of Northern
Snakehead Fish in USA.
Origin - China
Threat - Voracious
Predator
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First Detection
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Reproducing Population in
Potomac River
Reason for Introduction
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2002 - Maryland –
Eradicated
Current Status
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Prohibited under
Federal/State Laws
Asian Cuisine
Reason for Release
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Asian Prayer Ritual
3.5.2. Catalog and Internet Marketing of
Invasive Species.
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Widespread IAS – A Special
Challenge for Border Clearance
Officials and Land Managers
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Not Regulated
Some with Clear Economic Value
Some Sold in Traditional Catalogs
Key - Education of Companies and
Public
E-Commerce in Plants and
Animals – A New Challenge for
Managing IAS
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5,000+ Websites
50,000+ Plants and Animals (Giant
Salvinia)
3.6. Smuggling IAS by Sea, Air, Road, and Rail.
Case Study: Smuggling Parrots from MEX to USA.
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Regulation of Poultry and Birds
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Serious Diseases (Avian Influenza, Exotic Newcastle
Disease)
1971 Outbreak of Newcastle Disease in California –
Eradicated at Cost of $56 Million
Smuggling of Parrots - Factoids
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2 Million –
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250,000 –
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Price of Parrots in USA
Parrot Smuggling –
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Price of Parrots in MEX
$250-$1,000 –
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Estimated # that Die in Transport
$15 –
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Estimated # Smuggled from MEX
25,000 –
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# Imported Legally in to USA as Pets
25,000 –
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# Parrots Traded Internationally Per Year
Second Largest Illegal Border Business Next to Drugs
Inhumane Smuggling Techniques
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Drugged - Stuffed into Wheel Covers of Cars, Engine Air
Filter Compartments, Sealed Door Panels, Hidden in
Fruits and Vegetables
Unit 3 – Lab Exercise.
Discussion Questions.
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Major agricultural products that are imported through your local port, including country
of origin.
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Major agricultural products that are exported through your local port, including
countries of destination.
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Miscellaneous commodities that are imported through your port of entry.
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Certified commodities that are imported through your port of entry (e.g., meat).
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Invasive plants that are being controlled by imported biological control agents in your
country.
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Agency or organization responsible for the biological control regulatory process in your
country.
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Plant and animal products that have been illegally imported into your country via mail or
other parcel post system.
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Invasive plants and animals being sold in the horticultural trade in your country.
Major Concepts in Unit III.
Preclearance of high risk products for export –
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Effective IAS Prevention Strategy
Expedites the border clearance process at port of entry.
Booming world trade in exotic animals has accelerated the
spread of IAS.
Biological control - suppression of IAS with its natural
enemies.
ISPM 3 – The Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic
Biological Control Agents provides guidance for Biocontrol Projects.
Phytosanitary Certificates - Issued by exporting countries;
Certify that regulated products meeting phytosanitary standards
of IPPC.
International mail and parcel post - Two major pathways for
spread of IAS.
E-Commerce marketing of plants and animals – Newest
challenge related to IAS spread.
Smuggling of Parrots – 250,000 Parrots Traded Legally or
Illegally each Year; 25,000 additional smuggled parrots die in