Transcript EL1101E - National University of Singapore

EL1101E
Syntax tutorial
PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES
S
NP-VP
NP
(Det)-(AdjP)-N-(PP)
VP
V-(NP)-(PP)
PP
P-NP
AdjP
(AdvP)-Adj
AdvP
Adv
Q1a.
under the bridge
Q1a.
P
Det
N
under the bridge
PP
P
NP
Q1a.
PP
NP
P
Det
N
the
bridge
under
Q1b.
fell into the pond
Q1b.
V
P Det
N
fell into the pond
VP
V
NP
Q1b.
VP
PP
V
P
fell
NP
Det
N
into
the
pond
Q1c.
this silly picture of Ai
Q1c.
Det Adj
N
P N
this silly picture of Ai
NP Det AdjP N PP
Q1c.
NP
Det
AdjP
this
Adj
silly
PP
N
picture
P
of
NP
N
Ai
Q1d.
Pat loves Robin passionately
Q1d.
N
V
N
Adv
Pat loves Robin passionately S
NP
VP
Q1d.
S
VP
NP
N
Pat
V
loves
NP
N
AdjP
Adv
passionately
Robin
Q1e.
Robin talked to the manager over the phone
Q1e.
N
V
P Det
N
P Det
N
Robin talked to the manager over the phone
S
NP
VP
Q1e.
S
NP
N
Robin
VP
PP
V
talked
PP
P
NP
P
Det
on
NP
Det
N
the
phone
N
to
the manager
Q2.1
S
NP
The sentence is
grammatical.
VP
N
V
NP
Oge
xa
N
ika
Q2.2
NP
The sentence is
ungrammatical.
VP
Det
N
V
NP
Ye
amu
vo
N
oge
Q2.3
NP
The sentence is
ungrammatical.
VP
N
N
V
Det
Ika
oge
xa
ye
Q2.4
S
NP
The sentence is
grammatical.
VP
N
Det
V
Oge
ye
vo
NP
N
Det
ika
ye
Q2.5
S
NP
The sentence is
grammatical.
VP
N
V
NP
Amu
xa
N
oge
Q2.6
NP
VP
V
NP
N
Vo
N
ika
oge
The sentence is
ungrammatical.
Q2.7
S
NP
The sentence is
grammatical.
VP
N
Det
V
NP
Amu
ye
vo
N
ika
Q2.8
Det
N
V
Det
N
Ye
ika
xa
ye
oge
The sentence is ungrammatical.
Q2.9
VP
NP
NP
V
Xa
N
Det
amu
ye
The sentence is
ungrammatical.
Q2.10
S
NP
The sentence is
grammatical.
VP
N
Det
V
NP
Oge
ye
xa
N
amu
Q3
Where has John put the car?
Argue that where originated to the right of the car
a) John has put the car in the garage.
b) * John has put.
c) * John has put the car.
d) * John has put in the garage.
e) * Where has John put the car in the garage?
S
NP Aux VP
N
V NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
Q3
Where has John put the car?
Argue that where originated to the right of the car
a) John has put the car in the garage.
S
NP Aux VP
N
V NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
b) * John has put the car in the garage. (Direct Object + PP missing)
c) * John has put the car in the garage. (PP missing)
d) * John has put the car in the garage. (Direct object missing)
Observation: Acceptable when sentence contains both direct object and PP.
S → NP (AUX) VP Subject Auxiliary Inversion
S
NP Aux VP
N
V NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
Underlying Structure
John has put the car in the garage.
S
Aux NP VP
N V NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
Derived Structure
Has John put the car in the garage?
Q3
Has John put the car in the garage?
e) * Where has John put the car in the garage? (Extra PP)
Observation: Acceptable if sentence contains only ONE PP.
Has John put the car in the garage where
Where has John put the car where
Where must have originated to the right of the car and was moved to sentence-initial position in the surface
structure.
Q4
Wanna-Contraction:
Optional pronunciation of Want to as
Wanna
Appropriate use of Wanna-Contraction
Questions
Answers
Who do you {wanna} visit?
I want to visit James.
Who would you {wanna} go out with?
I want to go out with James.
How many of your friends do you {wanna}
invite to the wedding?
I want to invite 2 friends to the wedding.
Appropriate use of Wanna-Contraction
Common trend in answers:
“I want to ____.”
Inappropriate use of Wanna-Contraction
Questions
Answers
Who do you {*wanna} win the game?
I want Liverpool to win the game.
Who would you {*wanna} look after your
pets?
I want John to look after my pets.
How many of your friends do you {*wanna}
stay with us?
I want 2 friends to stay with us.
Inappropriate use of Wanna-Contraction
Common trend in answers:
“I want (subject/NP) to ___.”
Transformation
Conversion of a statement to a question (acceptable case):
I want to visit James.
I want to visit who?
Who do I want to visit [trace]?
Trace - Empty
(phonologically null)
category that
occupies a position
in the syntactic
structure.
Transformation
Conversion of a statement to a question (unacceptable case):
I want James to look after my pets.
I want who to look after my pets?
Who do I want [trace] to look after my pets?
Thank you.