Transcript The Restoration (1660-1798) The Restoration was a time

The Restoration & the
Enlightenment (1660-1798)
“The Long 18th Century"
Neoclassical Period
1700+
Comes from Renaissance to mid 1600’s
Leads to Romanticism End of 1700’s
Prelude to the Restoration
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Early-Modern English (1500-1800)
Printing in England since 1476 (King James bible
the english bible removes some influence of the
Latin, likewise, Roman influence and the Pope.
Predominant scholarly language still Latin on the
Isle. (Newton, Bacon;)
'English' by this time is a mishmass of
loanwords and usages.
Attempts to simplify English before the mid
1700's predominantly fail.
printers, and the scribes of Chancery support
grammar standardization and a stop occurs to
segments of spelling.
A language shift occurs: “the development of
‘Modern English’” from the renaissance through
the restoration.
The English of this period is VERY readable for
readers of our era. Latin, however, may not be,
and much of the records prior to 1700’s are in
Latin.
Puritans Out Indulgence In
The long parliament of 1640 sparks incineration of
traditional values, such as, "divine right of kings“, dramatically
so when Charles I’s is beheaded.(1649)
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‘Dynastic Throne’ morphs into Cromwell’s republic
‘the Commonwealth’
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A decade later Cromwell dies, and the status quo’s disruption
causes Richard, Cromwell’s son, to falter as lord protector.
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A ‘coup’ attempt leads General Monke of Scotland to London
to restore the parliament.
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Wealth from trade raises the commons power & prestige.
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Sentiment for the restoration of the monarchy abounds, as to
fill the void of the last twenty puritan authored years.
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Anglican parliament grant Charles II son of Charles I the title of King.
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Charles II’s terms for possession of the crown of England are outlined in the
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Declaration of Breda. (April 4, 1660)
The word Restoration comes from the return of Charles II, or the
restoration of the monarchy. Powers of the monarchy are in decline, however
the era of the republic is but a mark in history, as Charles II is crowned
‘Rex Regis’ (1661)
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MAIN CHANGES
Oral (Continued transition from renaissance)
Theatre (Restoration Comedies)
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Written - Gallic models of literature and literature of wit
(particularly satire and parody).
 Poetry was the premier form of literature
 legal language and the establishment of lasting "legal language"
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HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHT - indulgence and profanity.
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BATTLE OF THE SEX’S - First women authors
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BATTLE OF THE FAITH - Diverse Culture / Religion / Politics /
Philosophy ‘The Great Awakening’
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1688 the ‘glorious revolution’ turnstile for great point of change
By George emergence of science from philosophy of logic and
empiricism gains predominance in ‘the Englightenment’
From Imperialist to memory of the great experiment of Rome and the
emergence of the neoclassical era.
Arts & Sciences
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Establishment of the Royal
society the oldest learned
society still in existence . Official
foundation date is 28 November
1660, when 12, including
Professor Wren, Robert Boyle,
John Wilkins, Sir Robert Moray,
and William, Viscount Brouncker
met at Gresham College and
found a Colledge for promotion
of ‘Physico-Mathematicall
Experimentall Learning’.
‘physics’
Where is it?
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The Restoration, as a period,
was badly documented, and the
institutions that did keep
records, Oxford and Cambridge,
the Inns of Court and the
Middle Temple, excluded
women from their ranks.
Restoration genres vary in time they exist, most
end before 1700. When the neoclassical era
becomes nominal. Literary happenings
predominantly occur around London but also
elesewhere including the major schools.
(Cambridge 50 miles north of London ,
Oxford roughly the same distance) London is
a favorite subject of writers.
Historical Context:
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50% of the men are functionally literate (a dramatic rise)
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Fenced enclosures of land cause demise of traditional
village life
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‘Factories’ begin to spring up as industrial revolution begins
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Impoverished masses begin to grow as farming life declines
and factories build
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Coffee houses-where educated men spend evenings with
literary and political associates versus the court of olde.
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In many ways it is the MODERN era’s birth, science,
commons powers, mass media, and orders.
AUTHORS OF THE AGE
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Authors: Johnson “A man who exposes himself when
he is intoxicated, has not the art of getting drunk. “
Bunyan “If we have not quiet in our minds, outward
comfort will do no more for us than a golden slipper
on a gouty foot. “
Milton “Better to reign in hell than serve in heav'n. “
Dryden “By education most have been misled; So
they believe, because they were bred. The priest
continues where the nurse began, And thus the child
imposes on the man. “
Defoe “Wealth, howsoever got, in England makes
lords of mechanics, gentlemen of rakes; Antiquity and
birth are needless here; 'Tis impudence and money
makes a peer.”
Richardson “Too liberal self-accusations are generally
but so many traps for acquittal with applause. “
Swift “As blushing will sometimes make a whore pass
for a virtuous woman, so modesty may make a fool
seem a man of sense. “
Pope
Blake “If the Sun and Moon should ever doubt, they'd
immediately go out. “
Hobbes “The privilege of absurdity; to which no living
creature is subject, but man only. “
Locke “Every sect, as far as reason will help them,
make use of it gladly; and where it fails them, they
cry out, "It is a matter of faith, and above reason."
The Epitaph
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Here rests his head upon the lap of Earth
A Youth, to Fortune and to Fame unknown;
Fair Science frown'd not on his humble birth,
And Melancholy mark'd him for her own.
Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere;
Heaven did a recompense as largely send:
He gave to Misery all he had, a tear,
He gain'd from Heaven, 'twas all he wish'd, a
friend. No farther seek his merits to disclose,
Or draw his frailties from their dread abode,
(There they alike in trembling hope repose,)
The bosom of his Father and his God.
By Thomas Gray (1716-71).
Restoration comedy, and Opera
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Restoration theater featured witty and often acerbic comedies about
social manners, a contrast to the great dramatic themes of
Shakespeare’s era.
Restoration comedy was strongly influenced by the introduction of the
first professional actresses. Before the closing of the theatres, all
female roles had been played by boys, and the predominantly male
audiences of the 1660s and 1670s were both curious, censorious, and
delighted at the novelty of seeing real women engage in risqué repartee
and take part in physical seduction scenes
Restoration comedy was strongly
influenced by the introduction of
the first professional actresses.
Women in breeches.
Noted Restoration dramatists:
"Manly Wycherley" William Wycherley Love in a Wood ? / The Gentleman
Dancing Master (1673) and his two most famous The Country Wife and The Plain
Dealer 1672 /1673
William Congreve The Old Bachelor (1693) / The Double-Dealer (1693)
Love for Love (1695) The Mourning Bride (1697) and ranked one of the
intellectually best ever english comedies The Way of the World (1700)..
England’s first operas were written in the late 17th century, and Henry
Purcell is a noted British composer of the era.
Comedy Continued
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Restoration comedy is the name given to
English comedies written and performed in
the Restoration period from 1660 to 1700.
After public stage performances had been
banned for 18 years by the Puritan regime,
the re-opening of the theatres in 1660
signalled a rebirth of English drama.
Restoration comedy is famous or notorious
for its sexual explicitness, a quality
encouraged by Charles II (1660-1685)
personally and by the rakish aristocratic
ethos of his court. Socially diverse
audiences were attracted to the comedies
by up-to-the-minute topical writing, by
crowded and bustling plots, by the
introduction of the first professional
actresses, and by the rise of the first
celebrity actors.
Satire
A literary work in which human vice or folly is
attacked through irony, derision, or wit.
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Satire
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It is hardly surprising that the world of fashion and skepticism that emerged encouraged the art of
satire.
All the major poets of the period, Samuel Butler, John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel
Johnson, and the Irish poet Jonathan Swift, wrote satirical verse.
The satire was written in defense of public order and the established church and government
total freedom of opinion was not yet acceptable so satire was used.
Satire was used in the 18th century due to political and religious upheaval. e
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satirization of institutions and individuals became a popular weapon.
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) said to be one of the best prose satirists
the prose literature of dissent, political theory,
and economics increased in Charles II's reign
‘POLITICAL’ WRITINGS
beginnings of explicitly political writing and hack writing. Roger L'Estrange
was a pamphleteer who became the surveyor of presses and licenser of
the press after the Restoration. In 1663-6, L'Estrange published The News
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heroic drama, exemplified by John Dryden's The Conquest of Granada
(1670) and Aureng-Zebe (1675) which celebrated powerful, aggressively
masculine heroes and their pursuit of glory both as rulers and conquerors,
and as lovers. These plays were sometimes called by their authors
histories or tragedies, and contemporary critics will call them after
Dryden's term of "Heroic drama."
Observations on the Dublin Bills of Mortality the Restoration period saw
the beginnings of explicitly political writing and hack writing. Roger
L'Estrange was a pamphleteer who became the surveyor of presses and
licenser of the press after the Restoration. In 1663-6, L'Estrange published
The News
Gulliver’s Travels a famous satire attacks “ the monarchy, the Catholic
church and the Royal Society.
PROFANITY VULGARITY AND
SEX
Be it prostitute satirical sexism, cross
dressing…from the female to male side
this time, not as per Shakespearian
renaissance times when the male
dressed as the female, naked people in
barrels.
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jurisprudence punishing public
indecency. Sir Charles Sedley, in 1663,
drunken in a tavern he climbed
upstairs, took off all his clothes, and
urinated onto the crowded street
below.
 Porn and censorship grew hand-inhand after the Enlightenment.
Obscenity gained ground on
Blasphemy. Common law rather than
Cannon law began to apply to obscene
libel in England.
Milton
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1667 John Milton (1608–1674), author,
poet, and supporter of the Commonwealth,
publishes the first edition of Paradise Lost,
an epic blank verse poem describing the
rebellion of the angel Lucifer (Satan), his
expulsion from heaven, and the story of
Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. With
Paradise Lost, Milton aims to "justify the
ways of God to Man," and his portrayal of
the three central characters is
psychologically penetrating and
sympathetic. It is said Milton developed
independently of restoration period
influences.
Change in Taste (Theatre)
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1670s and 1680s, a gradual shift occurred from heroic to pathetic
tragedy
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aristocratic macho lifestyle of unremitting sexual intrigue and
conquest.
The Earl of Rochester, real-life Restoration rake, courtier and
poet, is flatteringly portrayed in Etherege's Man of Mode (1676)
as a riotous, witty, intellectual, and sexually irresistible aristocrat,
a template for posterity's idea of the glamorous Restoration rake
(actually never a very common character in Restoration comedy).
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1690s, the "softer" comedies of William Congreve and John
Vanbrugh reflected mutating cultural perceptions and great social
change.
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After this period Victorians denounced the comedy as too
indecent for the stage
Effects of the restoration on English
Law Language
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It is this period that seems to lay the main
ground work to established English law. Still even
today the English law language seems tied to this
period in terminology and usage. I.e. legal jargon
is often restoration jargon, since that is where
the core of English written law comes from. As
that is when it was translated. Before this period
law is Latin scrolls locked in the tower of London.
Law was consistently being advanced in English
rather than previous convention and authority by
title or rank. It is all repercussions of the Charles
I’s trial, giving the common people power to rule
the Monarch, rather than the monarch being the
rule of the people. One step greater than the
Barons having say, the lords were even ignored.
Meaning tradition out temporary desire in.
1679 Habeas Corpus Act
RESTORATION POETRY
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Poets expressed their points of view by public or formally disguised poetic
forms, such as odes, pastoral poetry, and ariel verse.
devaluation of individual sentiment and psychology in favor of public
utterance and philosophy.
preferred rhyme scheme heroic couplets abab
‘THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF COUPLETS
MILITARY RULE CALLED PEACE AND HEAVEN
BUT THIS PERIOD HAD MUCH BLOODLET
RELIGION FIRED WAR MORSEL’s BREAD TO leaven’ A verse by William
Ashley
Rhyming couplets in iambic pentameter use by Dryden and Alexander
Pope.
Happy the man, whose wish and care
A few paternal acres bound,
Content to breathe his native air
In his own ground.
(from "Ode on Solitude" by Alexander Pope)
After 1672 and Samuel Butler's Hudibras, iambic tetrameter couplets with
unusual or unexpected rhymes OR "Hudibrastic verse." parody of heroic
verse, and it was primarily used for satire.
1670 John Dryden appointed poet
laureate and royal histographer
 Test Act of 1673, mandating
Anglicanism for all office-holders, forced
Charles' brother James to resign the
post of Lord High Admiral.
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"Remember ‘41!" Bishop Burnet, writing
of 1679, noted that, among his fellow
clergymen, "nothing was so common in
their mouths as the year forty-one, in
which the late wars began, and which
seemed now to be near the being acted
over again."
POPE
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Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
AGE OF POPE (1700-1744)
Continues the literary tradition of the Age of Dryden
satirical attention to what is unfitting and wrong
In London the coffeehouse replaces the Court as a center of cultural
interest
social and familiar poetry, wit, restraint, good taste and the
subordination of personal idiosyncrasy to a social norm
main genres: mock-epic topical satire, burlesque, generalised,
reflective philosophical lyric; the prevalence of the heroic couplet;
THE AUGUSTAN AGE
The first English professional writer
"Why did I write?... / To help me thro' this long disease, my life."
(from Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot)
his Catholic faith limited his educational possibilities and excluded
him from public office
tubercular and crookbacked, Pope strove to achieve perfection and
correctness in poetry
Pastorals (written 1704-7, published 1709) admired by friends for
the rhetorical niceties of his couplet: antithesis and parallel, pleasing
repetitions and syntactic patternings, alliteration and assonance,
metrical variations of pause and cadence
Pope Continued
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Essay on Criticism (1711) Pope's first striking success; reflects the taste
of the Augustan age
ultimate source: Horace's Ars Poetica; aiming at a synthesis of the most
valuable critical precepts since Aristotle to Boileau and Dryden
key concepts: wit, Nature, ancients, rules, genious
First follow Nature, and your judgement frame
By her just standard, which is all the same:
Unerring Nature, still divinely bright,
One clear, unchang'd and universal light
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...wit and judgement are often at strife
Tho' meant each other's aid, like man and wife;
'Tis more to guide, than spur the Muse's steed
Restrain her fury, than provoke his speed.
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Those rules of old discover'd, not devis'd,
Are Nature still, but Nature methodiz'd;
Nature, like Liberty, is but restrained
By the same laws, which first herself ordai'd.
simple, conversational language; tone of well-bred ease; imagery drawn
from all aspects of contemporary life: military, artistic, sexual, religious
18th century
Philosophy
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the Age of Enlightenment sought reform/ weaken the
Monarchy. The Restoration emphasized rules, reason and
logic, in the interest of its subjects: the "enlightened"
ordering of society.
The Enlightenment spreads in a tsunami of change
through Europe. Scientific innovations and discoveries by
the Royal Society, Isaac Newton (1642–1727), the
inductive method professed by Francis Bacon (1561–
1626), and the empirical philosophy of John Locke (1632–
1704),
: natural philosophy of Sir Isaac Newton, fuse of
axiomatic proof with physical observation, to predict
results in ‘Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica’
Enlightenment = human reason & natural law.
Satirists emerged with the Age of Enlightenment, an
intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th century
advocating rationality. Trends: sentimental benevolence,
altruism, feeling for other men, for animals, charity,
humanitarianism, indignation at social injustice
notable critics (Joseph Addison, Richard Steele), satirists
(Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift), and economists (Adam
Smith, Jeremy Bentham). ‘rationalism and order’
Philosophy Continued
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law separating rules from particulars of behavior or experience
stronger concept of the individual: rights based on ideals other than
ancient traditions, or tenures i.e. the nobility
Instead the philosopher kings of the age defined good traits. John Locke
wrote his Two Treatises on Government
The Enlightenment was suffused with two competing strains. One was
characterized by an intense spirituality, and faith in religion and the
church. In opposition to this, there was a growing streak of anticlericalism which mocked the perceived distance between the supposed
ideals of the church, and the practice of priests
Deism emerged as a dominant religious philosophy of the period, ideas
about God as the Great Planner or Watchmaker who assembles the
universe, winds it up, and then leaves it ticking away on its own without
interfering in its day-to-day operations.
Thomas Jefferson was a deist. morality as reason and logic. Locke - Essay
Concerning Human Understanding ‘IMPERICISM’
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1677 Spinoza - Ethics
Essay on Man
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Essay on Man (1732-34) philosophical poem,
fragment of a planned majestic survey of human
nature, society and morals
compound of diverse elements: Renaissance
Platonism, Newtonian science, traditional
theodicy
underlying and unifying the poem is the Great
Chain of Being, the vast, perfectly ordered, allinclusive hierarchy of created things, rising from
inanimate matter through insects to man, angels
an God; Man's fixed place in the Chain of Being is
viewed in a series of perspectives
"In spite of Pride, in erring Reason's spite / One
truth is clear, "Whatever is, is Right."
1688 The Glorious Revolution
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This "Glorious Revolution"
of 1688 traditionally marks
the end of a period during
which every aspect of
British politics,
government, finance and
law had suffered
revolutionary changes.
literature and the arts
make decisive break with
the styles of the past,
enter reasoned physicalism
and the enlightenment.
1690 Battle of the Boyne
1(Glorious Revolution)
PRESS Part 1
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During the period of the Licensing Act (1662-94), an official
surveyor of the press was given the sole privilege of publishing
newspapers.
The Revolution of 1688 produced a return to more permissive
publishing laws and the first provincial presses were set up,
starting with the Worcester Post Man (1690) and Scotland’s
Edinburgh Gazette (1699
National Post was centered at Fleet Street in London.
Lloyd's News (1696) was issued from Lloyd's coffeehouse followed
by Lloyd's List and Shipping Gazette (from 1734) a business
paper.
By the 1700’s the british postal system made daily publication
practical a single sheet page, the Daily Courant (1702-35) based
on corantos (early newspapers ? Fashion)
Review (1704-13), produced by Daniel Defoe, in which the
writer's opinion on current political topics was given the first
editorial. Defoe was imprisoned, in 1702, for his pamphlet "The
Shortest Way with Dissenters," but many eminent British writers
were being attracted to the newspapers.
Henry Muddiman the "journalist" edited the London Gazette
(from 1666).
Press Part 2
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John Milton had edited the Mercurius Politicus under Oliver Cromwell, and Sir Richard
Steele and Joseph Addison, The Spectator (published daily 1711-12).
The Spectator and The Tatler (triweekly, 1709-11, also written by Steele) are
commemorated in the modern magazines of the same name (see below Magazine
publishing),
Sales of the popular Spectator sometimes ran as high as 3,000 copies, and already
this circulation level was enough to attract advertising.
An excise duty on advertisements was introduced by the Stamp Act (1712), said to
be aimed at curbing the power of the press. one penny on a whole sheet
the cover price of The Spectator, the tax killed the paper.
The Daily Advertiser (1730-1807), offered advertising space (CLASSIFIEDS)
And political pages 1771 when proceedings of Parliament were allowed to be printed.
There was an attempt to bar the press but political reformers such as John Wilkes
(with the North Briton, 1762) curbed the attempts.
Starting Whig and Tory newspapers or the parties bribed journalists with occasional
handouts and annual stipends.
Morning Post (1772), The Times (from 1788, but started as the Daily Universal
Register in 1785), and The Observer (1791), each of which is still published
(although the Morning Post was later merged with the Daily Telegraph).
Censorship continued in the guise of frequent libel prosecutions.
Neoclassicism the Augustan age
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discovery of the ruins of the ancient cities Herculaneum (1709) and
Pompeii (1748) A revival of classical aesthetics and forms, especially:
ideals of reason, form, and restraint
admiration for the classical world extended to poetry, where poets aimed
for polished high style of the Roman ideal
, although existing previously in Shakespeare’s Roman Play’s. ‘Julius
Caesar and the The Tragedy of Antony, and Cleopatra ‘
translation of imitated Greek and Latin verse. ‘Contra Annus Mirabilis’
Dryden translated all the known works of Virgil
Pope produced versions of the two Homeric epics. Horace and Juvenal
Horace by John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester
Juvenal in Samuel Johnson's ‘Vanity of Human Wishes’.
DEFINITION: "neoclassicism" in each art implies a particular canon of
"classic" models. a natural expression of a culture at past periods of time.
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diesism emergred and leads to American and French Reveloutions which
occur at end of period.
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More a catholic mentality of perfection rather then more protestant values
of faith
English 18th Cent. Neoclassicism
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decorum, concision, restraint, balance, reason, regularity, wit
public and political concerns, social responsibility, manners & morals; "The
proper study of mankind is Man" (Pope)
natural world serves as an image of or analogy for human concerns
deals with polite, urbane society, upper and middle classes; the natural
world serves as an image of or analogy for human concerns
Values absolute, public, rational, humanist
The poet urbane, witty, gentlemanly, moral, incisive; good sense, good
humour, learning, social concern, capable of moral outrage
Setting urban; the rural is seen either as pastoral (idealized) or as
ignorant and unmannerly
Allusion and history Classical Greece and, especially, Augustan Rome,
also the Bible
Language "Language is the dress of thought" (Pope); attention to
decorum, propriety, allusion
'Nature'(Most qualities of poetry and senses of what constitutes moral life
follow upon the age's understanding of Nature.) Nature is the 'order of
things', the "clear, unchanged and universal light" (Pope); it is marked by
harmony, rationality and order, expressed descriptively and emotionally as
well as intellectually. The 'real' world as we experience and understand it
models a divinely sanctioned, hierarchical order. Poetry is public, ordered,
intellectual; it values right reason, teaching, civic concern.
Key texts Ben Johnson, "To Penshurst"
Neoclassicism Poetry
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Neo-Classicism meant that poets attempted
adaptations of Classical meters
Augustan period would call "decorum": the
fitness of form to subject (q.v. Dryden Epic). It is
the same struggle that Davenant faced in his
Gondibert. Dryden's solution was a closed couplet
in iambic pentameter that would have a minimum
of enjambment. This form was called the "heroic
couplet," because it was suitable for heroic
subjects. Additionally, the age also developed the
mock-heroic couplet.. Jonathan Swift would use
the Hudibrastic form almost exclusively for his
poetry.
English Language Authorities 1700-1760
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1702
John KerseyA New English Dictionary28,000 words (70 years)1704
John HarrisLexicon Technicum (or An Universal English Dictionary of Arts
and Sciences ...) 1706
John Kersey, ed.Philips's New World of English Words38,000 words1721
Nathan BaileyAn Universal Etymological English Dictionary40,000 words
(30 editions 1721-1802), etymology, word stress (1740)1727
Nathan BaileyVolume IIsupplementary volume: 2 parts, 1731 ed.1728
Ephraim ChambersCyclopaedia (or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and
Sciences) 1730
Nathan BaileyDictionarium Britannicum48,000 words1747
Samuel JohnsonPlan of a Dictionary of the English Language"to fix
the language"1749
Benjamin MartinLingua Britannica Reformata 1755
Samuel JohnsonDictionary40,000 words (2 vls.)1755
Scott et al. eds.A New Universal English Dictionary
Queen Anne 1707
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Joseph Addison
(1711); Jonathan
Swift (1712), Queen
Anne supported idea
of English and the
royal society but died
in 1714.
Francois et lingua
latina are vouge for
the learn’d circum this
period.
Women Writers
During the period of the restoration, it was a period
of firsts for women authors as they gain grains of
‘independence and trust the for instance the last
witch was convicted in England in 1712. Women
poets were scarce only two well known in the first
decade of the new century. Women poets gained
some acceptance around the 1730s and by the
1790’s there wer eover thirty.
Katherine Phillips
 And so the Sun if it arise
Half so glorious as his Eyes,
Like this Infant, takes a shrowd,
Buried in a morning Cloud.
(Epitaph on her Son H. P., 19-22)
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Aphra Behn. Before becoming a professional writer,
Aphra Behn was a professional spy for England, codenamed "Astrea" or Agent 160.
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Anne Finch, Countess of
Winchilsea, Elizabeth Thomas, Lady
Mary Wortley Montague, Mary Leapor,
Susanna Blamire and Hannah More.
OTHERS:
1760-1780 GRAMAR
Robert Lowth's A Short Introduction to
English Grammar (1762), most prominent
of 18th c. grammars, authoritarian tone
 Joseph Priestly's The Rudiments of English
Grammar (1761), more liberal attitude
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English Language Authorities 1760-1780
James BuchananLinguae Britannicae 1764
 William JohnstonPronouncing and Spelling
Dictionary 1764
 John EntickSpelling Dictionary 1773
 William KenrickA New Dictionary of the
English Language 1780
 Thomas Sheridan A General Dictionary of
the English Language"respelled"
Theatre 1700-1780
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1700’s the commoner merchant class on the rise
less witfull material was produced
lull of general interest in theatre.
Words replaced by spectacle or visual effects
lull turned to distaste for satirical comedy due to corruption
envisaged by Sir Robert Walpole and some puritans
One theatre existed for gentry and nobility and another for
the commons.
1737 the divide in theatre led Licensing Act of 1737
The act granted two patent houses immense control over
English theatre.
This act lumped non court authorized actors in with
vagrants and rouges. This must have been a tremendous
blow to the actors of the time. Some exaples are William
Hogarth's The bad taste of the town and pantomimes of
John Rich
Religion
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John Toland (1670-1722) a deist examined
religion. It is individuals such as Toland that
spark difference which leads to the later
revolutions.
There was a great religious divide between
various sects predominantly Catholics and
Protestants, with various influences including
the Church of England, the Anglicans.
Religious issues caused migration and civil war.
Catholics were second class to Anglicans due to
the Anglicans being the ones that installed
Charles II back on the throne creating
obligations to the church of England over other
religions.
Methodist practice developed and ‘The Great
Awakening’ in England, Wales, Scotland and
America in the 1730’s and 1740’s stirred belief
of religious experience as the "new birth,"
inspired by the preaching of the Word.
Awakening supporters -Presbyterians, Baptists
and Methodists—became the largest
denominations in America
Anglicans, Quakers, and Congregationalists-were left behind in size, thus setting the stage.
Romantic Revolutions
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By the mid 1700’s the
Neoclassical period & Augustan
Age close with the American and
French Revolutions
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GEORGE III (r. 1760-1820),
independence of American
colonies 1783, beginning of
industrial revolution, eventual
insanity of king
THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS and
Growth of Romanticism
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Starting with the Republic and
Ending with ‘THE REPUBLIC’
AMERICA
AMERICA DID A LOT TO
MODERNIZE LINGUA BRITANICA
ENGLISH, CANADA IS NOT AS
CURRENT AS AMERICANS
MISSING OUT ON THE NEW
AMERICAN DICTIONARIES
CHANGES. Nite Night etc..
Websites Visited
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12700b.htm
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http://prayerfoundation.org/christian_history_timeline_2.htm
www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/ england/stu_restoration.shtml
A Dictionary of Sensibility
http://www.engl.virginia.edu/~enec981/dictionary/g_intro.html
Romantic Circles http://www.rc.umd.edu/
Romanticism on the Net: an International Refereed Electronic Journal
http://users.ox.ac.uk/~scat0385/
A Selective Bibliography of Romantic Poetry and Prose
http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~halmin/classes/biblio.html
Romantic Chronology http://english.ucsb.edu:591/rchrono/
Internet Library of Early Journals, a digital library of 18th and 19th
Century Journals http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/ilej/
http://angli02.kgw.tu-berlin.de/lexicography/b_history.html
http://www.wordorigins.org/histeng.htm#early
http://www.bartleby.com/218/0500.html
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/09/euwb/ht09euwb.htm
http://www.clt.astate.edu/dchappel/Online%20World%20Lit%20II%20Co
urse/introduction_to_neoclassical_literature.htm
http://www.brocku.ca/english/courses/1F95/romclas.html
http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/timeline.html
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Websites Visited
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http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/english/worldlit/teaching/upperdiv/emodeng1.htm
http://www.uh.edu/engines/romanticism/
http://www.putlearningfirst.com/language/04change/dates.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/england/geo_agrarian_industrial.shtml
http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide17/part08x.html
http://people.stu.ca/~hunt/18c/33360102/finlwebs/GSNXL/912374.htm
http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc17.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_literature
http://www.lian.com/TANAKA/comhosei/NPinEB.htm
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH36/browner1.html
http://www.todayinliterature.com/
10/28/99 - http://www.robertburns.org/encyclopedia/indexa.html
http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Poetry/Elegy.htm
http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwords/gry
Robert Burns Country - The ultimate Robert Burns reference
work, with full text indexed and searchable online.
10/28/99 - http://anvil.nome.alaska.edu/users/students/nssjd/18thcentury.html
18th Century - The "eighteenth century" actually begins during the 17th century, in 1660. This is
the year of Restoration, or the reinstatement of a king, Charles II, after a period without a
monarch, and marks a change in society as well, a move away from Puritan rule.
Bibliography page 2
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Dryden, John (originally published in 1667). An Account of the Ensuing
Poem, prefixed to Annus Mirabilis, from Project Gutenberg. Prepared from
The Poetical Works of John Dryden (1855), ed. George Gilfillan, vol. 1.
Retrieved June 18, 2005.
Dryden, John (originally published in 1670). Of Heroic Plays, an Essay
(The preface to The Conquest of Granada), in The Works of John Dryden,
Volume 04 (of 18) from Project Gutenberg. Prepared from Walter Scott's
edition. Retrieved June 18, 2005.
Dryden, John. Discourses on Satire and Epic Poetry, from Project
Gutenberg, prepared from the 1888 Cassell & Company edition. This
volume contains "A Discourse on the Original and Progress of Satire",
prefixed to The Satires of Juvenal, Translated (1692) and "A Discourse on
Epic Poetry", prefixed to the translation of Virgil's Aeneid (1697).
Retrieved June 18, 2005.
Holman, C. Hugh and Harmon, William (eds.) (1986). A Handbook to
Literature. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
Howe, Elizabeth (1992). The First English Actresses: Women and Drama
1660–1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hume, Robert D. (1976). The Development of English Drama in the Late
Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Bibliography page 3
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Hunt, Leigh (ed.) (1840). The Dramatic Works of Wycherley,
Congreve, Vanbrugh and Farquhar.
Porter, Roy (2000). The Creation of the Modern World. New York:
W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-32268-8
Roots, Ivan (1966). The Great Rebellion 1642–1660. London:
Sutton & Sutton.
Rosen, Stanley (1989). The Ancients and the Moderns: Rethinking
Modernity. Yale UP.
Sloane, Eugene H. Robert Gould: seventeenth century satirist.
Philadelphia: U Pennsylvania Press, 1940.
Tillotson, Geoffrey and Fussell, Paul (eds.) (1969). EighteenthCentury English Literature. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and
Jovanovich.
Todd, Janet (2000). The Secret Life of Aphra Behn. London:
Pandora Press.
Ward, A. W, & Trent, W. P. et al. (1907–21). "The Age of Dryden",
in The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New
York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. Retrieved June 11, 2005.