Transcript CO2: valuable source of carbon

CO2: valuable source of carbon
April 16th, 2012 Rome – Campus Bio-Medico University
SUSTAINABILITY IN CARBON CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION
Ezio Nicola D’Addario
Coordinator of the Working Group “Carbon Capture and Storage“
Italian Association Chemical Engineering (AIDIC)
AGENDA
1.
Main Options of Carbon Capture and Utilization
2.
Direct Use of Solar Energy: photosynthesis, microalgae
3.
Sustainability and Life Cycle Analysis
4.
Biodiesel from Microalgae, Different LCA Literature Case Studies
5.
Concluding Remarks
2
USES OF CARBON DIOXIDE
ESTIMATED EMISSIONS
REDUCTION
Gt CO2/y 1
2°, 3° Generation
biofuel
0.4*
Building Material
1.6**
Chemical Feedstocks
and Intermediates
0.3
EOR
1.4
TOTAL
3,7
***
http://extsearch1.netl.doe.gov
1. DNV position paper 7-2011, * 5% liquid fuel replacement 50% CO2 saving, ** 10 % global building material demand,
*** 10 % total annual current emission
CCU and RESOURCES REQUIREMENT
DNV position paper 7-2011
PROS: Revenues from captured CO2
CONS: Rather new compared to CCS, CO2 scarcely reactive, energy requirements to be
determined
DIRECT USE OF SOLAR RADIATION
DIFFUSE CO2 SOURCES
Traffic, Residential, SME
PHOTOSYNTHESYS
TRANSPORTATION
DISTRIBUTION
CO2
CAPTURE
LARGE CO2 STATIONARY
SOURCES
PG, Oil and Heavy Industry
TERRESTRIAL,
AQUATIC PLANT
and MACROALGAE
E
N
E
R
G
Y
Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin
&
MICROALGAE
C
H
E
M
I
C
A
L
S
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Protein
EXAMPLES OF HIGH PRODUCTIVITY BIOMASS
Location
Yield
(t d.w. ha-1 y-1)
Photosynthetic
efficiency (%)
Minnesota
8 -11
0.3- 0.4
Mississippi
11 – 33 (>150)
0.3- 0.9
Texas
8-20
0.2- 0.6
Texas-California
22 - 47
0.6-1.0
Coniferous forest
Maize (Zea mays) (C4)
Tree plantation
Tropical forest
England
Israel
Congo
West Indies
34
34
36
60
1.8
0.8
1.0
1.6
Algae
Different
locations
70
Hawaii-Java
64-87
1.8-2.6
Hawaii, Puerto
Rico
85-106
2.2-2.8
Biomass community
Hybrid poplar
(Populus spp.)
(C3)
Water hyacinth
(Eichornia
crassipes)
Switch grass
(Panicum virgatum)
(C4)
Sweet sorghum
(Sorghum
bicolor) (C4)
Sugar cane
(Saccharum
officinarum)
Napier grass
purpureum)
(Pennisetum
M. Tredici. Symposium “ I Biocarburanti di seconda e terza generazione” Roma 14 April 2011
2-2.5
SUSTAINABILITY AND LCA
ISO 14040:2006
ISO 14044:2006
LCA FRAMEWORK
Goal and
scope
Inventory
I. Gavilan, BP Sustainability in biofuel, 2008
Impact
Assessment
MAIN IMPACT CATEGORIES
LOCAL
Toxic emissions
Noise
Elettromagnetic
pollution
MAIN LCA INDICATORS
CO2; CH4; N20…
[grams, gi]
GHG Effect
(100 years)
[g CO2 eq]
GLOBAL WARMING
POTENTIAL
Σ GWPi * gi
GASi
GWP100
g CO2 eq/gi
CO2
1
CH4
23
N2 0
296
Halon 1301
5600
Carbon
tetrafluoride
6500
TYPICAL DIAGRAM FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM MICROALGAE
10*100*0.3 m
Concrete PVC
0.25 m/s
22.2 Wh/kg CO2
50 MW Coal Power
Station, dehydration
and compression
1000 ha ponds
Washing water
(each 2 months)
Water from
dewatering
Dry extraction: feasible, Wet extraction: to be checked, consumptions proportional to inlet
L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009
CULTIVATION OF Chlorella vulgaris BASIC DATA
Lipid content, growth rate and productivity in the range of typical literature sources
Protein content much lower in low Nitrogen cultures
Lower productivity showed by low N cultures balanced by their higher heating value
(photosynthetic efficiency almost the same)
L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009
CULTIVATION OF Chlorella v. PRELIMINARY INVENTORY
Base 1 Kg Biodiesel
• Lower mass downstream efficiency implies higher biomass production for wet cultures which requires
higher energy and fertilizer in comparison to dry cultivation
• All configurations, except low N wet, have high energetic requirements compared to energy in the biofuel
(37.8 MJ/kg)
• Overall balance negative only for normal dry option
L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009
CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND Chlorella v. Base 1 MJ Biodiesel
Cumulative Energy Demand: Ecoinvent data base, Electricity produced with the European mix, Heat
produced with natural gas, Buildings 30-year lifespan then dismantled and concrete landfilled, steel
based materials and plastics recycled, Electrical engines changed every 10 years
Low N wet confirms the most favorable option (higher fertilizers and cultivation requirements not
compensated by lower drying energy of low N dry)
L. Lardon et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 17, 2009
POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF BIODIESEL AND PETROLEUM DIESEL
Base 1 MJ Fuel
EU ref value: 83,8 gCO2 eq / MJ
Assessment carried out by using the CML method *, Reference fuel: Ecoinvent database, Rapeseed
Europe, Palm Oil Malaysia, Soybean USA, Byproducts emissions allocated on the base of energy content
Algae show:
• very low impacts for eutrophication (better control of fertilizers) and land use (higher biomass
productivity),
• worst impacts for GWP (except soybean), mineral resource, ozone depletion, ionizing radiation and
photochemical oxidation (higher use of fertilizers and electricity including 30 % nuclear)
• GHG reduction (58,7 g CO2 eq / MJ) in line with current EU targets (54.5 g CO2 eq / MJ), but lower
than 2017 EU targets (41. 9 for exiting plants, and 33.5 g CO2 eq / MJ for new plants)
* Guine´e, J. B. Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment Springer: New York, 2002
COMPARISON OF LIFE CYCLE ENERGY DEMAND MJ/MJ Biodiesel
Lardon, 2009 low N dry case
2.32 MJ
H. H. Khoo et al Bioresource Technology 102 (2011) 5800–5807
R. Baliga and Susan E. Powers. Sustainable Algae Biodiesel Production in Cold Climates. International
Journal of Chemical Engineering Volume 2010, Article ID 102179.
Algae biodiesel production in New York State (USA) based on life cycle energy and environmental impact
parameters. Upstate NY was chosen as a challenging case for algae biodiesel production due to shorter days
and cold temperatures during winter months.
RECENT STUDIES
Edward D Frank, et al. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions affect the life-cycle analysis of
algal biofuels. Environ. Res. Lett. 7 (2012) Article ID 014030. Accepted for publication 20
February 2012 Published 13 March 2012
Parameters included in the sensitivity: lipid content: 12, 25, 50 %, Productivity:12.5, 25, 50 g/m2/d, CHP
electrical efficiency: 28, 33, 38 %, Mixing Power: 2, 48, 83 kWh/ha/d, …
CONCLUDING REMARKS
LCA case studies biodiesel production from microalgae confirm that
environmental impacts depend on process and technology aspects as well
as on energy supply options, location and possible scenarios
Helpful inputs for research still going on this subject could derive from
preliminary LCA including indicators related to the depletion of non
renewable resources and climate change as well as to water eutrophication,
land requirements, toxicity (human and marine), etc.
These conclusions suggest that environmental aspects should be integrated
in any technical economical studies usually carried out to compare different
CCU research options
LCA appears an useful tools usable at this purpose
Thank you for
your attention
FOR MORE INFORMATION
Name Surname: Ezio Nicola D’Addario
Job Title: Freelancer
Contact: [email protected]