Transcript BROILER MANAGEMENT - Hanya sebuah tulisan

BROILER MANAGEMENT
JIRAWAT SEETHAO
CPF Thailand
(For Indonesia)
Back To The Basic
Houses Preparation and Biosecurity
Chick Quality and Transportation
Feed Quality and Feeder
Water Quality and Drinker
Management and Knowledge
Good Production
CHICK QUALITY

Broiler placements should be planned to ensure:
✔ Differences in age and/or immune status of parent flocks
are minimized.
 One parent flock per broiler flock is the ideal.
 For large farm complexes, one production house
could be considered to be one flock.
PREPARATION FOR CHICK ARRIVAL
Litter material should be spread evenly to a
depth of 3–4 in (7.5–10 cm) and then levelled
and compacted in the brooding area.
 The necessary equipment must be assembled
in the appropriate configuration.
PREPARATION FOR CHICK ARRIVAL
 Equipment in the house (i.e., feeders, drinkers,
heaters and fans) should be arranged to allow chicks
to maintain body temperature without dehydration
and to find feed and water easily.
 Configuration will depend on the brooding system
and on other equipment being used.
PREPARATION FOR CHICK ARRIVAL
 Supplementary feeders and drinkers shouldbe
placed in close proximity to the main systems.
PREPARATION FOR CHICK ARRIVAL
Houses should be pre-heated for a sufficient period to
achieve target house and litter temperatures prior to chick
arrival.
Temperature should be monitored regularly to ensure a
uniform environment exists throughout the whole brooding
area.
WATER AND FEED
WATER AND FEED
Prior to chick delivery, a final check must be
made of feed and water availability and
distribution within the house.
WATER AND FEED
 Drinker lines should be flushed and sanitized
prior to bird arrival.
 The water quality, purity, and temperature must
be checked in advance.
 Water should be within the correct temperature
range (65–75ºF; 18–24ºC).
WATER AND FEED
Contaminated water can spread disease and
cause diarrhea, leading to dehydration and death
in younger flocks.
All chicks must be able to eat and drink
immediately on placement in the house.
WATER AND FEED
Ideally, the chicks should be placed at the farm
and provided water and feed in less than 8 hours
from time of hatch.
 Longer delays could lead to dehydration and
chick weight shrinkage.
WATER AND FEED
If the chicks have been in transport for a long
period (3 hrs. up), providing water for the first 3
or 4 hours, and then providing feed is suggested.
It is imperative that chicks be encouraged to
consume water as soon as possible.
WATER AND FEED
 add some sort of sweetener substance, like
sugar to the water (4% solution) for the first few
hours of life.
The sugar helps to replenish the depleted energy
in the chicks, and may stimulate the chicks to
consume feed.
WATER AND FEED
 The sweet water can also may loosen up the
impacted intestine and prepare the gut linings for the
incoming feed.
After the addition of sugar, it is recommended to add
a vitamin supplement to the water for the first three
days of life, to boost the chicks' vitality.
WATER AND FEED
 With the exception of water vaccination time,
drinking water must be adequately chlorinated.
The chlorine level at the drinker level should be
1PPM-nipple drinkers,
 2PPM-plasson drinkers, and
3PPM-trough drinkers
WATER AND FEED
 A newly hatched chick is 85% water. When 10% of
this water is lost, it becomes a cull chick, and when
there is 20% dehydration, the chick could die.
It is important to hydrate the chick adequately and
promptly.
This will promote feed consumption and better body
weights.
WATER AND FEED
 If water and feed are consumed in sufficient
amounts and correct brooding temperature and
air quality are provided,
A broiler chick should be able to quadruple(4x)
the post-hatch body weight by seven days of
age.
DOC =40g
7 Days=160g
WATER AND FEED
 To monitor if chicks are
consuming adequate feed, it
is recommended to select
chicks and palpate their
crops.
 The crops should be quite
full.
How to achieve 4x body weight
1 Proper Feed Allocation
X
X
OK
How to achieve 4x body weight
2.Light Intensity at lease 20 lug at feeder level
X
How to achieve 4x body weight
3. Water available all time
How to achieve 4x body weight
4.Temperature adjust properly
How to achieve 4x body weight
5.Ventilation
WATER AND FEED
If the crop feels half empty or empty,
there must be something wrong in the management, and the
above-discussed points must be reviewed very carefully.
 It is never too late to act and make corrections, but a
problem must be detected before it can be corrected.
WATER AND FEED
Supplemental feeders should be filled and
placed in the brooding area in a proper ratio (e.g.
with box lids – 1/100 chicks).
CHICK PLACEMENT
If the mixing of chicks from different age breeder flocks is
unavoidable, chicks should be grouped by breeder age as
much as possible
Ensure light intensity and duration are set prior to chick
arrival (2.5 foot candles / 25 lux; 23 hr).
CHICK PLACEMENT
Expected delivery time of chicks should be
established so they may be unloaded and
correctly placed as quickly as possible.
CHICK PLACEMENT
The longer chicks are in transport boxes,
the greater the degree of dehydration.
 This may result in early mortality and
reduced growth potential.
Normal Mortality
Dehydration Mortality
CHICK PLACEMENT
Chicks must be tipped quickly, gently and
evenly over the brooding area.
 Empty boxes should be removed from the
house as soon as possible.
CHICK PLACEMENT
Chicks should be left to settle for 1–2 hr to become
accustomed to their new environment.
After this time, a check should be made to see that all
chicks have easy access to feed and water and that chicks
are active.
Adjustments should be made to equipment and
temperatures where necessary.
CHICK PLACEMENT
These checks should be made every 4–6 hr after
placement for the first 24 hr.
From two to three days of age, existing feeders and
drinkers should be repositioned and adjusted and
additional ones introduced as the illuminated area is
increased.
CHICK PLACEMENT
During the early brooding period, feed should
be provided in crumble form on supplemental
feeders (1/100 chicks) so chicks have easy
access.
CHICK PLACEMENT
 Mechanical feeders should also be charged before
arrival.
Remove 1/3 of the supplemental feeders on each of
days 8, 9 and 10.
 Chicks should be gradually trained to the main
feeding system within the first 10 days of placement.
BROODING MANAGEMENT
THE CRITICAL POINT
BROODER MANAGEMENT
The objective of proper brooding is to develop
appetite as early as possible.
Feed intake will be reduced if chicks are kept at
temperatures greater than those appearing in
Table 2.2
BROODER MANAGEMENT (Ross2003)
Temperature at RH of 60%. See also Table 2.3,
BROODER MANAGEMENT
Two basic practices for brooding broilers are:
 Spot brooding
 Whole/partial house brooding
Both systems are effective in getting chicks off
to a good start if managed properly.
Brooding
BROODER MANAGEMENT
 Brooder guards may be employed to assist in
controlling early chick movement.
 The contained area should be expanded from three
days of age until finally removed by five to seven
days.
BROODER MANAGEMENT
 Chicks should be placed evenly throughout the
brooding area.
The use of stirring fans will enhance air quality and
uniformity of temperature and RH.
 Refer to Figure 2.1 for typical spot brooding layout.
BROODER MANAGEMENT
BROODER MANAGEMENT
Heat is provided by conventional canopy
brooders.
For maximum effectiveness, brooder guards
should be used to keep birds confined to the
desired area of heat, feed and water.
BROODER MANAGEMENT
 In spot brooding, a temperature gradient is
provided ( Table 2.2 ).
BROODER MANAGEMENT (Ross2003)
Temperature at RH of 60%. See also Table 2.3,
Arbor Acre
AVIAN
COBB 500 Brooding Temperature
BROODER MANAGEMENT
• For whole/partial house brooding measured at feed and
water sources;
• For spot brooding, measured at brooder edge. Assumes RH
of 60%.
• Recommended temperatures will increase or decrease
relative to ambient RH. See Table 2.3
BROODER MANAGEMENT (Ross2003)
BROODER MANAGEMENT
Chick behavior is the best indicator of correct
brooder temperature.
With spot brooding, correct temperature is
indicated by chicks being evenly spread
throughout the brooding area (Figure 2.2).
BROODER MANAGEMENT
VENTILATION
VENTILATION
Air quality is critical during the brooding period.
Ventilation is required during the brooding period to
maintain temperatures at the targeted level and to allow
sufficient air exchange to prevent the accumulation of
harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
and ammonia.
Harmful Gas
VENTILATION
Establishing minimum ventilation rates from
one day of age will ensure fresh air is supplied to
chicks at frequent, regular intervals.
 Stirring fans can be used to maintain evenness
of air quality at chick level.
LIGHTING
LIGHTING
Historically, lighting programs have consisted of
continuous light regimens to maximize daily weight gain.
 These regimens consist of a long continuous period of
light, followed by a short dark period (e.g. 0.5–1 hr) to
allow birds to become accustomed to darkness in the event
of a power failure.
LIGHTING
Other lighting programs have been devised to modify
growth, minimize FCR or reduce mortality.
To stimulate early feed intake, any lighting program should
provide a long day length (e.g. 23 hr light) and adequate
intensity for the first seven days.
LIGHTING
Light intensity at placement should be 2–2.5 foot candles
(20–25 lux) at the feeder level, then be gradually reduced
so that by 28 days it is approximately 0.30–0.50 foot
candles (3–5 lux).
Light intensity should be uniform throughout the house.
Lighting Program - AA
Hubbard classic and Hi-Y
MONITORING EARLY CHICK
PERFORMANCE
MONITORING EARLY CHICK PERFORMANCE
As a result of continued genetic gains in growth
rate, brooding has become an increasingly
greater proportion of the life of the flock. In
addition,
MONITORING EARLY CHICK PERFORMANCE
Seven-day body weight is highly correlated to
market age weight.
 It is strongly recommended that a sample of each
flock be weighed at seven days to evaluate growth
performance against standards for the given product.
MONITORING EARLY CHICK PERFORMANCE
Scales used should be capable of weighing in 1 g
increments.
Minimum sample size should be 1 percent of the
flock,
 With sampling done in at least three separate areas
of the house.
Refer to the attachments for product weight
objectives.
MONITORING EARLY CHICK PERFORMANCE
A general rule of thumb would be a seven-day target
of 4x dayold chick weight.
 Average weights below 130 g should prompt
investigation as to causative reasons.
Seven days weight below 1g release 6g at 42 days.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
HUMIDITY
Relative humidity (RH) in the hatcher, at the end of
the incubation process will be high (approx. 80
percent).
 Houses with whole house heating, especially where
nipple drinkers are used, can have RH levels as low
as 25 percent.
HUMIDITY
Houses with more conventional equipment (i.e.,
spot brooders, which produce moisture as a
byproduct of combustion and bell drinkers,
which have open water surfaces) have a much
higher RH (usually over 50 percent).
HUMIDITY
To limit the shock to the chicks of transfer from
the incubator,
RH levels in the first three days should be
maintained near 70 percent.
HUMIDITY
RH within the broiler house should be monitored daily.
If it falls below 50 percent in the first week, chicks will
begin to dehydrate,
Causing negative effects on performance.
 In such cases, action should be taken to increase RH.
HUMIDITY
If the house is fitted with high-pressure spray nozzles (i.e.,foggers)
for cooling in high temperatures, then these can be used to increase
RH during brooding.
Chicks kept at appropriate humidity levels are less prone to
dehydration and generally make a better, more uniform start.
HUMIDITY
As the chick grows, ideal RH falls.
 High RH from 18 days onward can cause wet
litter and its associated problems.
As broilers increase in live weight, RH levels
can be controlled using ventilation and heating
systems.
INTERACTION BETWEEN
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
Chickens lose heat to the environment by
evaporation of moisture primarily from the
respiratory tract.
At high RH, less evaporative loss occurs increasing
the birds’apparent temperature.
The temperature experienced by the birds is
dependent on the dry bulb temperature and RH.
INTERACTION BETWEEN
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
High RH increases the apparent temperature at a
particular dry bulb temperature,
Whereas low RH decreases apparent temperature.
The temperature profile in Table 2.2, assumes RH in
the range of 60 percent.
Temperature
oC
35.0
34.4
33.9
33.3
32.8
32.2
31.7
31.1
30.6
30.0
29.4
28.9
28.3
40
37.2
36.1
35.0
34.4
33.3
32.8
31.7
31.1
30.6
29.4
28.9
28.3
27.8
45
38.9
37.8
36.7
35.6
34.4
33.3
32.8
31.7
31.1
30.6
29.4
28.9
28.3
Heat Stress Index Calculation
%RH
50 55 60 65 70 75
40.6 42.8 45.0 47.8 50.6 53.3
39.4 41.1 43.3 45.6 48.3 51.1
38.3 40.0 41.7 43.9 46.7 48.9
37.2 38.3 40.6 42.2 44.4 46.7
36.1 37.2 38.9 40.6 42.8 45.0
35.0 36.1 37.8 39.4 41.1 42.8
33.9 35.0 36.1 37.8 39.4 41.1
32.8 33.9 35.0 36.7 37.8 39.4
31.7 32.8 33.9 35.0 36.7 37.8
31.1 31.7 32.8 33.9 35.0 36.1
30.0 31.1 31.7 32.8 33.9 35.0
29.4 30.0 31.1 31.7 32.2 33.3
28.9 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.1 31.7
80
56.7
53.9
51.7
49.4
47.2
45.0
43.3
41.1
39.4
37.8
36.1
34.4
32.8
85
60.0
57.2
54.4
52.2
50.0
47.2
45.0
43.3
41.1
38.9
37.2
35.6
33.9
90
63.9
60.6
57.8
55.0
52.2
50.0
47.2
45.0
42.8
40.6
38.9
36.7
35.0
95
67.8
64.4
61.1
58.3
55.6
52.8
50.0
47.2
45.0
42.2
40.0
37.8
36.1
100
71.7
68.3
65.0
61.7
58.3
55.6
52.2
49.4
46.7
44.4
41.7
39.4
37.2
INTERACTION BETWEEN
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
Table 2.3 shows the predicted dry bulb temperature
required to achieve the target temperature profile over a
range of RH.
The information in Table 2.3 can be used in situations
where RH varies from the target range (60 percent).
INTERACTION BETWEEN
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
If RH is outside the target range,
 the temperature of the house at chick level can be adjusted
to match that given in Table 2.3.
 At all stages, chick behavior should be monitored to
ensure chicks are experiencing an adequate temperature.
INTERACTION BETWEEN
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
 If subsequent behavior indicates chicks are
too cold or too hot,
 the house temperature should be adjusted
appropriately.
Conclusion
Before chicks arrive, inspect the house closely
to ensure proper setup.
 After a poor start, there is little time to
compensate for the lost growth as a chick's life is
only approximately 1000 hours.
Conclusion
Thus, every hour represents 0.10% of the
chick's life. In a 24-hour period, 2.4%
performance can be lost.
 Many producers recognize that performance
lost the first day or first week will be reflected in
final performance results.
HEAT STRESS
HEAT STRESS
Heat stress negatively affects growth rate and
livability.
 Effects of heat stress can be minimized by
altering the environment to reduce the
temperature experienced by the bird.
CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS
Normal body temperature of a broiler chicken is 106ºF
(41ºC).
Absolute temperature at which a broiler is under heat
stress is related to its age, temperature and RH.
 As a rule of thumb, for fully feathered birds, a
“heat stress
index” (RH plus temperature in ºF) of 160 is considered heat
stress.
CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS
The longer the exposure to high temperatures,
the greater the stress and its effects. (See Figure
2.8).
CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS
CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS
Broilers regulate their body temperature by two methods:
radiation/convection of heat and evaporative cooling through
respiration.
 Within the temperature range 55–77ºF (13–25ºC), heat
loss is mainly accomplished through physical radiation and
convection to the cooler environment.
CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS
As the temperature rises above 86ºF (30ºC) the majority of
heat loss is accomplished by evaporative cooling and
panting, and increased respiration rate.
The relationship between the two types of heat loss and
environmental temperature is illustrated in Table 2.4.
CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS
CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS
Panting allows the bird to control body temperature by evaporation
of water from the respiratory surfaces and air sacs.
The process uses energy. In conditions of high humidity, panting is
less effective.
 Where high temperatures are maintained for long periods, or
humidity is very high, panting may be insufficient to control body
temperature and the bird may experience heat stress.
CONTROL OF HEAT STRESS
As the bird passes into a condition of heat
stress, rectal temperature rises, heart rate and
metabolic rate increase and oxygenation of the
blood decreases.
ACTIONS TO REDUCE HEAT STRESS
Lowering stocking density will reduce temperature
experienced by the bird.
 Birds lose heat by evaporation of moisture during panting
and therefore require increased amounts of drinking water.
Adequate fresh water should be available at all times.
Insulation of storage tanks and water pipes will help reduce
heat stress.
ACTIONS TO REDUCE HEAT STRESS
Digestion generates heat; therefore, feeding
during the hottest part of the day should be
avoided in open-sided housing.
A significant amount of heat is lost by
convection and, at high humidity, convective
heat loss becomes more important.
ACTIONS TO REDUCE HEAT STRESS
Increasing the air flow over the bird promotes
heat loss by convection.
 An air flow of at least 500 ft/min (152 m/min),
measured just above bird level, provides
optimum heat loss by convection.
ACTIONS TO REDUCE HEAT STRESS
In open-sided housing, this can be achieved by
using supplemental, 36 in (91 cm) fans, placed
at an angle of 32º, every 33 ft (10 m) across the
house.
Fans should be set to move air in the same
direction as the prevailing wind.
ACTIONS TO REDUCE HEAT STRESS
High humidity reduces the effectiveness of
evaporative heat loss.
 The litter is a significant source of moisture in
the chicken house, so litter condition should be
managed carefully.
ACTIONS TO REDUCE HEAT STRESS
Radiant heat from the sun will increase house
temperature, particularly if roof insulation is
inadequate.
 Water sprinklers on the roof ridge will reduce
this source of heat.
ACTIONS TO REDUCE HEAT STRESS
In open-sided houses, plastic netting hung from
the eaves to cover 30 percent of the open area
may be used as a screen against radiant heat.
 Install tunnel ventilation and evaporative
cooling systems.
ACTIONS TO REDUCE HEAT STRESS
Refer to AviaTech bulletin on “Getting Broiler
Houses Ready for Hot Weather” (Vol I No 3).
NUTRITION AND HEAT STRESS
Risks of feed spoilage due to mold growth
and/or vitamin loss are increased at high
temperatures.
Feed storage time should be minimized.
NUTRITION AND HEAT STRESS
The two main changes which can be made to diet
composition to partially compensate for heat stress
are:
✔ Adjustment of nutrient levels to take account of
lower feed intake
✔ Reduction of heat increment of the feed
NUTRITION AND HEAT STRESS
Increasing feed nutrient density will be effective in
reducing heat stress providing the birds have the capacity to
respond by increased growth.
The effectiveness of this treatment will depend on the
temperature and the amount of stress experienced by the
birds.
NUTRITION AND HEAT STRESS
 As an approximate guide, feed intake is
reduced by 5 percent per degree temperature rise
between 90º and 100ºF (32º and 38ºC) compared
with 1 percent to1.5 percent between 68º and
86ºF (20º and 30ºC).
NUTRITION AND HEAT STRESS
If feed intake is down by 5 percent or 10
percent, then the nutrient concentration should
be increased in proportion.
 It is particularly important to adjust the amino
acid, vitamin and mineral fractions of the feed.
NUTRITION AND HEAT STRESS
An increase in amino acid levels may be
beneficial if feed intake is reduced due to high
ambient temperatures.
Excess protein is broken down and eliminated
from the bird by deamination and excretion,
processes which have a high heat increment.
NUTRITION AND HEAT STRESS
Under all circumstances of heat stress, amino acid
requirements should be met at the lowest possible
total protein content.
 Sources of high quality protein and synthetic
amino acids will help to achieve this aim.
NUTRITION AND HEAT STRESS
In addition to minimizing protein excess, the
heat increment of the feed may be reduced by
substituting good quality fat for carbohydrate.
Fat inclusion may also stimulate intake and,
under some circumstances, give a beneficial
boost to energy intake.
NUTRITION AND HEAT STRESS
Birds suffering heat stress exhibit reduced
levels of plasma carbon dioxide and bicarbonate.
NUTRITION AND HEAT STRESS
Panting induces respiratory alkalosis, which may be
corrected by a variety of supplements to either the feed or
the water (e.g. sodium bicarbonate).
There is also a loss of potassium by birds suffering heat
stress, which may be corrected by administration of
potassium chloride.
CATCHING
CATCHING AND LIVE HAUL
OBJECTIVE
To manage the final phase of the production
process so that broilers are transferred to the
processing plant in optimum condition, ensuring
the processing requirements are met and humane
treatment is maintained.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
When using lighting programs, it is essential to
return to 23 hr of light at least two to four days
prior to depletion.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
This will ensure the birds are calm during
catching.
A withdrawal ration must be fed in accordance
with local legal regulations prior to slaughter to
eliminate the risk of controlled feed additive
residues in the meat.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
Feed should be withdrawn 8–10 hr before
processing.
This period should include catching, transport
and holding time.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
If feed withdrawal time is prolonged, water
absorbed from body tissues accumulates in the
digestive tract resulting in reduced yield.
 Fecal contamination may also be increased.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
Unlimited access to water should be available for as long as
possible prior to catching to reduce shrink loss.
Prior to catching, all feeding equipment should be raised above
head height of the catching personnel (i.e., >6 ft, 2 m), removed
from the house or positioned to avoid obstruction to birds or
personnel.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
In larger houses, separation of birds into pens
will avoid unnecessary crowding.
 It will also allow access to water for birds not
immediately due for catching.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
High humidity reduces the effectiveness of
evaporative heat loss.
The litter is a significant source of moisture in
the chicken house, so litter condition should be
managed carefully.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
Light intensity within the house must be
reduced to a minimum, but must be sufficient to
allow safe and careful catching.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
Blue light has been found to be satisfactory for this
purpose.
The best results are achieved when birds are allowed
to settle after lights have been dimmed and when
there is minimal disturbance.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
The use of curtains over main doors of the
house is helpful when catching during daylight
hours.
PREPARATION FOR CATCHING
The opening of doors and removal of birds will
affect ventilation of thermostatically controlled
environments.
The ventilation system should be monitored and
adjusted carefully throughout the catching procedure.
CATCHING AND HAULING
Most downgrading observed at slaughter will
have occurred during the previous 24 hours
when birds were being caught and handled.
Catching is an operation which should be
planned carefully in advance and supervised
closely at all stages.
CATCHING AND HAULING
Handling of birds must be carried out by
appropriately trained, competent personnel in
order to avoid unnecessary struggling by the
birds to minimize bruising, scratching or other
injuries.
CATCHING AND HAULING
Broilers should be held by their feet and shanks,
never by their thighs.
 They should be caught and held by both legs to
minimize distress, damage and injury.
Birds should be placed carefully into modules or
crates.
CATCHING AND HAULING
 Modules have been shown to result in less
distress and damage than conventional crates.
Crates or modules should never be overfilled.
CATCHING AND HAULING
 The number of broilers per crate or module
must be reduced in high temperatures.
 Transport time should be within current
guidelines or regulations.
CATCHING AND HAULING
At all times, from loading to the holding sheds,
adequate protection from the elements is essential.
Ventilation, extra heating and/or cooling should be
used when necessary.
 Bird stress will be minimized in trailers designed to
provide adequate ventilation.
CATCHING AND HAULING
Heat stress will develop rapidly when the transport
vehicle is stationary, particularly if on-board
ventilation is not available or in hot weather.
Vehicles should leave the farm as soon as loading is
completed.
 Supplementary ventilation in the holding sheds
should be available to inimize heat stress.