Transcript Oilseed Crops Production

Agribusiness Conference, 4-11-07
Oilseed Crop Production
Dr. Denise McWilliams, NMSU Cooperative
Extension--State Extension Agronomist
From Field to the Fuel Tank
• Biodiesel is a renewable
alternative fuel produced by
combining crop oil with
methanol to remove excess
glycerin.
• It must be specifications known
as ASTM D6791 to be labeled
biodiesel.
From Field to the Fuel Tank
• It can be purchased in a variety
of blends…B2; B20; B100.
• Often needing no engine
modifications and is stored and
handled as conventional diesel
From Field to the Fuel Tank
• It is renewable energy.
• It can be used for lubricity of pump,
injector and other fuel components
in diesel engines for maintenance.
• It reduces emissions of unburned
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
particulate matter (soot), sulfates
and ozone.
• And, it reduces dependence on
foreign oil.
What Makes Oilseed Lubricants or
Diesel Special….
• They’re good for rural
economics.
• They’re good for the
environment.
• They’re good for engines and
equipment.
Timeline for oilseed use:
• 1995—canola oil
products
reformulated as
small engine and
car lubricant.
• 1996-1997--Valueadded products
from soybeans and
canola
• 1998—First farming
community
produces AMG
2000.
• 1998-1999—
Partnership of
Thumb Oilseed
Producers with
economic
development
agencies.
• 1999—AMG 2000
patented and
producers open a
soybean crushing
plant.
Most Federal Investments Matched by Nearly 3:1
As a blend….
• About 25 million gallons of
biodiesel is consumed annually
• Primary use is as a 20% blend
(B20)
• Technically, it is composed of
mono-alkyl esters of long chain
fatty acids derived from plant
oils.
Does it take more energy
than it gives back?
• No. Biodiesel has the highest
“energy balance” of any
transportation fuel. For every
unit of fossil energy it takes to
make biodiesel, 3.2 units of
energy are gained (including the
planting, harvesting, fuel
production and fuel
transportation to the end user).
Are special storage
facilities needed?
• No, in general, the standard storage
and handling procedures used for
petroleum diesel can be used for
biodiesel. Fuel storage is clean, dry,
dark with tank materials of
aluminum, steel, fluorinated
polyethylene, fluorinated
polypropylene or teflon (more
information at www.biodiesel.org ).
Where is biodiesel available?
The next big breakthrough for canola oil sales, as noted
earlier, stems from a rapid escalation in biodiesel production.
Global biodiesel output is forecast at 5.8 million tonnes for
2006 and 7.5 million tonnes for 2007. These estimates are
based on an ADM forecast that says biodiesel production will
rise from 4.5 million tonnes for 2005 to 16 million in 2010.
Canola oil is a key stock material. Canola oil will supply
ADM’s new biodiesel plant in Velva, North Dakota, scheduled
to open in the first half of 2007, and much of the additional
capacity in Europe.
4/3/2007 - The Canadian canola industry has said it expects to
more than double production of the crop by 2015, and is counting
on increased demand for heart-healthy oils to help it reach its
objectives.
"High stability canola oil does not require hydrogenation
and can be used successfully as a repeat use frying oil,
creating a new market segment growth opportunity.
Although canola enjoys a strong market share in the
retail segment (significantly ahead of olive oil), it has
not penetrated the food processing sector where
partially hydrogenated soy oil is most often used.
"These trans-fat producing oils have been cited as a risk
to health and as a consequence, their use is diminishing.
High stability canola oil does not require hydrogenation
and can be used successfully as a repeat use frying oil,
creating a new market segment growth opportunity."
Finally, the industry body said that increased production
of biofuels will result in excess soy meal production,
which will in turn change the economics of processing
canola relative to soy for use in the vegetable oil
segment.
China's rapeseed oil production could reach 20 mln tons in 15 years expert Wuhan. March 28. INTERFAX-CHINA - Production capacity of
China's annual rapeseed oil, otherwise known as canola oil, has the
potential to reach 20 million metric tons within the next 15 years with
government support for ethanol and technological improvements,
according to an industry expert.
03/30/07 16:44
to take off
China's rapeseed-based bio-diesel industry begins
03/28/07 13:38
early as May
ZCE may launch rapeseed oil futures trading as
03/27/07 15:47
China to develop rapeseed production on high
demand for bio-diesel
03/27/07 15:22
year
China's rapeseed acreage may drop heavily this
03/15/07 14:24
snap
China's rapeseed output likely to drop after cold
FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICE
U.S. MISSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
Last update: April 4, 2007
Biofuels
USEU Reports
Oilseeds and Products GAIN Report E36149 (January
2007): Oilseed production in the EU25 is reaching new
record levels. 2006/07 rapeseed production is expected
to reach 15.75 million MT, while sunflowerseed
production should reach 4.14 million MT. Continued low
crush margin for soybeans relative to rapeseed is
encouraging crushers to turn to multiseed crushings.
This change is most pronounced in northern Europe
where production of rapeseed is dominant, and where
demand for rapeseed oil for biodiesel is increasing. With
growing demand for vegetable oils, imports of rapeseed
oil from the US and Canada, and soyoil from Brazil have
been particularly significant.
ADM ramps up oil production
02/03/2005 - Raised demand for rapeseed oil leads agri-giant ADM
to expand crushing facilities in Europe.
A leading global soy player, the firm will build up softseed-crushing
capacity at Oelmuhle Hamburg.
The company's current customer base has created additional
demand, which requires the conversion of some soy capacity to
rapeseed capacity, ADM said today.
The US firm hopes the move will enable it to meet growing demand
for rapeseed and soy product customers, while continuing to feed
growing needs in biodiesel.
Rape seed, palm oil and soybean are all experiencing strong
market growth as food makers continue to turn away from animal
fats in favour of vegetable alternatives.
By 2008 analysts Business Communications Company predict
these key vegetable edible oils will account for 69.9 per cent of
the US market alone.
Talking Point
Canola: An Excellent Feedstock for Biodiesel
By Barry Coleman
Canola has come on strong as an important oilseed crop in the northern
region of the United States in the last decade. North Dakota leads the
nation in canola production, growing over 1990s percent of the crop.
Canola advanced quickly in the late 1990s as disease problems in cereal
grains proliferated, creating the need for a rotational crop to break the
cycle. Canola fit that need nicely, and as a result, production of the crop
has increased from approximately 100,000 acres in 1996 to over 1 million
acres today.
Increased production of canola is being driven by growing consumer
demand for the healthy oil. Canola oil has the least amount of saturated
fat of any vegetable oil—less than 7 percent—and has taken a place
alongside olive oil on supermarket shelves. The same attributes that
make canola oil such a healthy food also make it an ideal feedstock for
biodiesel. It’s a feedstock that results in a biodiesel that has excellent
cold-flow properties. This is the main advantage of canola for biodiesel
production. Another major advantage of canola is that it produces a very
high amount of oil per acre. In fact, there have been projections made by
people in the oilseed sector that there will be a great demand for a “true”
oilseed for biodiesel production. A definition of a true oilseed is one
which has oil as the main value component of the crop. Canola, which
contains 42 percent oil, may be the oilseed people are looking for.
Oil Extraction from Oil Seeds
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Canola/Rapeseed
Sunflowers
Safflower
Sesame
Mustard
Flax
Soybean
Cotton
Corn
127 gal/A
103 gal/A
83 gal/A
74 gal/A
61 gal/A
51 gal/A
48 gal/A
35 gal/A
18 gal/A
Oils and Esters Characteristics
Type of Oil
•
•
•
•
•
•
O/F ME EE
Iodine # Cetane
Rapeseed oil, h. eruc. 5 0 -2 97-105
Rapeseed oil, i. eruc.
-5 -10 -12 110-115
Sunflower oil
-18 -12 -14 125-135
Soybean oil
-12 -10 -12 125-140
Cotton seed oil
0 -5 -8 100-115
Corn oil
-5 -10 -12 115-124
55
58
52
53
55
53
Crops of interest for the region….
•
•
•
•
•
•
Canola/Rapeseed
Sunflowers
Safflower
Sesame
Mustard (Brown)
Flax
Canola/Rapeseed
Canola Production
• Adaptation—
both spring and
winter annuals;
grown on most
soil types but
best on clay
loams that don’t
crust
• Rotations—best
if follows cereal
grains or fallow;
also soybeans,
flax, field pea or
lentils can be
rotated with
canola; use
fungicides on
canola/rapeseed
Canola Production
• Two types—
Argentine and
Polish type
species; the
Argentine have
higher yields
and oil content;
need 95 or 80
days to maturity
• Planting—Soil
moisture
contact; depth
is ½ to 1 inch;
seed in 6-7 inch
rows with a
grain drill or air
seeder;
irrigation 18-26
inches
Canola Production
• Winter planting in
August; spring by
May 15th; seed will
germinate even at
soil at 38F or
higher
• Rates at 5 to 8
pounds per A for
Argentine (80,000
seed/#) and 5 to 7
for Polish
(>200,000 seed/#);
good stand is 10-12
plants per square
foot, minimum is 4
plants per square
foot
2006 Canola – Spring Canola and Brassica Hybrid and Variety Trial
Mick O’Neill, Curtis Owen, Ken Kohler, and Margaret M. West
Abstract
The Spring Canola and Brassica Hybrid and Variety Trial is a
testing program to help determine which entries will perform best
in the area they are tested. Canola is a potential oil seed crop. The
trial was compiled at the University of Nebraska and grown at
various locations in the western U.S. The trial consisted of 18
entries of canola from public and private sources. The trial was
planted April 27 and harvested September 13, 2006. The highest
yielding entry during the 2006 growing season was Hyola 401 with
a total yield of 2,071.1 pounds per acre. The lowest yielding entry
in the 2006 growing season was Arid, a brown mustard, with a
total yield of 1,055.8 pounds per acre. The mean yield of all 18
entries in the 2006 growing season was 1,511.7 pounds per acre
(Table 23.). The mean moisture content at harvest was 15.1%. The
mean test weight was 46.1 pounds per bushel. The mean plant
height was 49 inches. The mean 50% bloom date was June 22
(Table 23.).
Yield and other characteristics for the Spring Canola and Brassica
Hybrid and Variety Trial; NMSU Agricultural Science Center at
Farmington, NM, 2006.
Yield
Variety or Selection
Hyola 401
905 RR Hyclass
431 RR Hyclass
DKL 52-10
Hyola 357Mag.RR
DKL 34-55
IS 7145 RR
SW Patriot RR
Farmer
DKL 38-25
767 SWRR Hyclass
IS 3465 RR
Hylite 1618 CL
712 RR Hyclass
Dahinda (brown mustard)
SW Marksman RR
SW Titan RR
Arid (brown mustard)
(lbs/acre)
2,071.1
1,969.4
1,848.6
1,750.5
1,737.0
1,591.4
1,578.4
1,568.2
1,519.5
1,508.8
1,425.6
1,364.0
1,345.8
1,319.0
1,272.2
1,166.0
1,119.8
1,055.8
Moisture
Content
(%)
13.0
15.8
14.0
14.7
13.5
14.0
15.6
15.2
13.3
15.1
15.7
14.2
16.2
16.0
14.8
15.7
16.2
18.2
Mean
LSD (0.05)
CV (%)
P Value
1,511.7
ns
29.1
0.0762
15.1
2.0
9.2
0.0003
Test
Weight
(lbs/bu)
47.4
45.4
46.3
47.6
46.3
46.9
45.9
46.8
45.8
47.0
47.2
47.0
46.2
46.2
45.0
45.1
46.4
41.2
46.1
2.1
3.2
0.0001
Plant
Height
(inches)
43
56
51
55
43
48
47
50
42
53
52
49
52
48
49
50
48
46
49
ns
12
0.0682
Heading
Date
(date)
19-Jun
27-Jun
25-Jun
23-Jun
19-Jun
22-Jun
25-Jun
20-Jun
19-Jun
27-Jun
25-Jun
22-Jun
26-Jun
28-Jun
14-Jun
25-Jun
22-Jun
12-Jun
22-Jun
3.4
0.0
0.0205
Procedures for the Spring Canola and Brassica Hybrid and
Variety Trial; NMSU Agricultural Science Center at Farmington,
2006.
Operation
Procedure
Number of Entries:
Eighteen, (sixteen spring canola entries and two brown
mustard entries which are “Arid” and “Dahinda”)
Planting Date:
April 27, 2006
Planting Rate:
8 lb/acre
Plot Design:
Randomized block with four replications
Plot Size:
Six 10-in rows, 20 ft long
Harvest Date:
September 13, 2006
Fertilization:
N 175 lb/acre, P2O5 48 lb/acre and K2O 56 lb/acre
Herbicide:
Sonalan HFP sprayed at 1 quart/acre on April 20, 2006 then
incorporated by disking
Insecticide:
None
Soil Type:
Doak fine sandy loam
Irrigation:
Center pivot, watered as needed from May 5 through August
21 2006; 21.6 inches irrigation water applied and 3.0 inches of
precipitation for a total of 24.4 inches total water
Results and Discussion:
Yield and other characteristics are presented in Table 23.
Canola Production
• Fertilize similar to
small grains; nitrogen
and sulfur are key to
yields; don’t place N or
K materials direct with
seed; band at least 2
inches away from the
seed
• A 2000 lb/A crop has
about 12 lb/A of sulfur
in the seed and 7 in the
straw
• Early weed control is
essential; wild mustard
can be a problem;
trifluralin or
ethalfluralin can be
used preplant but
won’t control wild
mustard; Poast, Assure
II or Select are labeled
for grass control when
grass is actively
growing and with a
crop oil adjuvent; have
Clearfield, Liberty and
Roundup resistant
canola
Canola Production
• Insects—flea
• Disease—
beetles (seed
blackleg; white
treatment, Gaucho,
mold
Gaucho Platinum,
(sclerotinia); use
Helix
of Quadris,
Xtra); diamondback
Ronilan or
moth; Bertha
Topsin M
armyworm
(Capture); lygus
(several controls)
Canola Production
• Direct cut or
swath--swath
timing and
management to
reduce green seed
(35%) and reduce
reel speed or slow
combine cylinder
speed by 50-75%
that for wheat
• Most canola is
grown under
contract; prices
are affected by
mixtures and
soundness of seed
grades
Early success seen in development of nitrogen-use-efficient
canola
Apr. 3, 2007
DAVIS, Calif. -- Arcadia Biosciences today announced that
development of Nitrogen Use Efficient (NUE) canola is
showing early success.
In addition to eight successful field trials completed over five
growing seasons, Arcadia established a collaboration with
Monsanto Company in 2005 to develop NUE canola, and early
field trials indicate notable progress.
Field trials have demonstrated that NUE canola can maintain
normal yield while using 50 percent less nitrogen fertilizer, or
increase yields by 15 percent or more under conventional
fertilizer use rates.
Biodiesel
From the November 2005 Issue
Blue Sun eyes canola facility
Blue Sun Biodiesel LLC, headquartered in Fort Collins,
Colo., has a newfound interest in Oklahoma canola. Blue
Sun verified its partnership with an Enid, Okla.-based grain
elevator company, Johnston Enterprises Inc., with eventual
plans for biodiesel production in the Sooner State. After
finalizing feedstock procurement, the partnership would
seek to build a joint canola processing and biodiesel
production facility in Garfield County.
Biodiesel
From the February 2005 Issue
Biodiesel research projects receive federal funds
Two universities received federal grants for oilseed crop
research through the Omnibus Appropriations Bill (H.R.
4818). The University of Idaho received $1.2 million for
canola research. Montana State University's Institute for
Biobased Products & Food Sciences received $567,000.
Institute Director Duane Johnson said eight crops are
being studied to find the most cost-effective biodiesel
feedstock. He said camelina, an oilseed crop native to
northern Europe, has similar canola yields but half the
biodiesel production cost.
Biodiesel
From the November 2006 Issue
Northern Canola Growers move to set canola-based biodiesel
apart
By Ron Kotrba
The Northern Canola Growers Association (NCGA) unveiled its
new campaign yesterday to differentiate canola-based biodiesel
from methyl esters of a different variety. At the NCGA’s Canola
Biodiesel Forum on Dec. 13 in Minot, N.D., executive director
Barry Coleman announced it has trademarked the name Biola
Fuels, hoping canola biodiesel producers and distributors will
latch onto it and sublicense for use. Why? Biodiesel made from
canola is known for its stability and good performance in cold
weather. Capitalizing on these beneficial properties, NCGA
anticipates this move to be a marketing success for everyone
involved, from the U.S. and Canadian canola farmers down to the
fuel’s end-users. Interested parties should contact the Northern
Canola Growers Association for more information.
Demand for Oilseed Crops Growing with Biodiesel Interest
By Kay Ledbetter
April 11, 2006
FRIONA – Biodiesel is coming; the question now is what crops will supply
the base for the growing demand of the environmentally friendly fuel.
A canola production meeting in Friona brought mixed reactions as producers
learned more about growing the crop and its potential market, said Calvin
Hildebrand, with Four Peaks Energy Group based in Santa Fe, N.M.
Monty Vandiver, Texas Cooperative Extension integrated pest management
agent in Parmer County, said the meeting included information from fuel
distributors, the plant builder and producers.
"The best source for biodiesel is a crop adapted to the local conditions that
also has an economical outlet for the byproduct," Vandiver said. "Also, there
must be a market for the energy produced."
The market, Hildebrand said, will be a series of biodiesel plants in Texas and
New Mexico that will use canola and sunflower oil, as well as other oil-based
crops.
"We're hoping we can implement a mechanical seed process that will draw
out more oil and leave the necessary oil and give us a better quality meal for
the livestock operations," he said.
"What we want to do is create regional biodiesel plants that will operate
within a 50-mile radius and the local farming community will provide the
major portion of the cottonseed, canola and sunflowers," Hildebrand said.
Canola
Sunflowers
Sunflower Production
• Three types of
sunflower for oilconventional; midoleic, dwarf; midoleic or NuSun is
intermediate; most
grown are
conventional (high
oleic); and dwarf
are 6-13 days
earlier
• Best grown on
loams, silty clay
loams with good
drainage; some
tolerance to saline
soils; several
rotations but work
to prevent
sclerotinia
Sunflower Production
• Seed after May 1
but before June 1;
seed at 16,000 to
20,000 plants/A or
0.6 plants/ft2; row
spacing at 10 to 12
inches; placed at 1
½ to 2 inches but
not deeper than 3;
use about 20-26
inches of moisture
• Nitrogen is often
banded; soil test;
2000 lb/A yield
removes about 50#
N, 16# P2O5, 12#
K2O and 4# S;
sideband
fertilizers; plant
tissue samples can
help during the
season
Sunflower Production
• Use preemerge
herbicides and
harrowing before
the 5th leaf stage;
first 4 weeks can
minimize yield;
diseases are
downey mildew,
phoma, rusts,
sclerotinia,
verticillium wilt
• Insects are painted
lady butterfly,
cutworm,
sunflower beetle,
midge, seed
weevil, maggots,
stem weevils, bud
moth
Sunflower Production
• Combines with a
pan hander
(straight cut) or an
all crop header can
be used; harvest at
20%; run cylinders
at 400 rpm with
concaves 1 inch
and ¾ inch to limit
breakage and
dehulling
• Store at 9.5% or
less; oil type can
be dried if needed
at 160-220F; cool
before storing
Safflower
Safflower Production
• Need 110 days
or more to
mature; requires
about the same
moisture as
small grains;
can tolerate
more soil
salinity
• Spring or fall
sowing at 4-6
plants per foot
of row; can
follow small
grains; harvest
with a combine
when seeds are
hard and dry
Safflower Production
• Comparatively
free from
diseases but
can have rust,
leaf spot, wilt
and root rot or
Verticillium wilt
or Botrytis head
rot
• Insect problems
are lygus bugs,
wireworms,
aphids,
leafhoppers,
green peach
aphids and
thrips
Sesame
Sesame Production
• Needs a warm,
frost-free period
of 150 days or
more; mediumtextured soils
are best;
nonshattering
varieties should
be used
• Plant in late
spring with soil
temps at 70F or
more; narrow
rows at 18-20
inches help
yields; plant at
least 1 pound/A
or at 5-8 plants
per foot of row
Sesame Production
• Harvest with a
• Insects are
combine; but
those similar to
most oil is used
safflower
for edible
purposes
• Diseases may be
wilts, blights or
charcoal rot
Brown Mustard
Mustard Production
• Three types—
yellow, brown or
oriental; usually
produced in
rotation with small
grains; an annual
herb with rapid
seed emergence
but later slow
growth; tap roots
can grow 5 feet
• Flower buds within
five weeks of
emergence and
yellow flowers
appear 7-10 days
later; pollination
within first 15 days
of flowering;
mature in 90-95
days; best on
loamy soils
Mustard Production
• Frost and
moisture stress
can affect; seed
will germinate
at 40F or higher;
seed with a
grain drill at 1
inch deep with
5-7 pounds/A
• Harvest before
the pods open to
prevent
shattering;
responds to
nutrient
additions like
rape or canola;
may need more
nitrogen
Mustard Production
• Young seedlings
don’t compete well
with weeds; wild
mustard again is
the weed to avoid
as are all perennial
weeds; preemerge
helps in
establishment
• Diseases are
sclerotinia (white
mold), downy
mildew, white rust,
leaf spots and
mosaic virus; don’t
rotate with
sunflower,
rapeseed, canola,
safflower,
soybeans, crambe
or dry beans
Mustard Production
• Insects to avoid
are flea beetles,
caterpillars
(diamondback
moth)
• At harvest, may
need to swath or
straight
combine at 1213% moisture;
combine at
about 600 rpm;
store at 10%
moisture or less
Flax
Flax Production
• Used for oil as well
as fiber; needs
moderate to cool
temperatures
during the growing
season; needs
around 18 to 24
inches of moisture;
high temps during
flowering reduce
yield
• Best grown on
loams; has a short
root system (within
2 feet for most);
can be grown as a
winter annual here
but temperatures
below 18-26F can
kill the plant; each
“boll” has about 8
seeds
Flax Production
• Flowers open at
sunrise on clear,
warm days;
usually selfpollinated;
several groups
or types; poor
competitor with
weeds
• Nitrogen
additions to
ground is often
needed; sown in
early May or is
fall seeded in
November with a
grain drill at 42
lb/A or more
Flax Production
• Depth of planting is
1 inch or less;
harvested when
most bolls are ripe
at 13% moisture
when combined
directly
• Limit weeds as
much as possible
• Diseases are flax
wilt, rust, Pasmo
(fungus),
anthracnose or
canker but seed
treatment limits
seedling blight but
aster yellows and
curly top may
appear
Flax Production
• Insects that bother
flax include
leafhoppers,
grasshoppers,
crickets,
cutworms,
armyworms, false
chinch bugs, stink
bugs, corn
earworm
• Rotations, soil
testing for fertility
and scouting helps
manage flax
Biofuel Production Can Be
Successful
New Mexico State University
Cooperative Extension
Helping People Across the State.