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Arabic Morphology and Syntax within the Frameworks of LMF and LFG 07/07/2015 1 • Arabic Morphosyntactic system • Lexical Markup Framework • LFG 07/07/2015 2 Arabic Language • • • • Semitic language Right-to-left writing Case-marked Rich flectional and derivational systems (concatenative language) • … 07/07/2015 3 Arabic Phonetic System • Consonants (Ex: ﺏ: b, ﺖ: t, ﻒ: f) • Long Vowels (Ex: ﻭ: w, ﻱ: y) • Short vowels (Ex: ُ–: u, ُ–: i) => Diacritics (Buckwalter’s Arabic Transliteration System) 07/07/2015 4 Arabic Morphology Words generation is based on roots and patterns. • Root – Ex: k-t-b, (‘write’) • Pattern – faEala (main pattern = ‘do’) => kataba – fAEil (‘doer’/agent) => kAtib: writer – mafEwl (‘undergoer’/patient, theme) =>maktwb: written – MafEal (‘location’) => maktab: desk 07/07/2015 5 Morphosyntactic Categories • • • • Pronouns Verbs Nouns and adjectives Prepositions • ‘Adverbs’ (Preposition bi+Noun) • Particles 07/07/2015 6 Pronouns • Personal pronouns – Isolated (‘anA: I, hum: they) – Affix-pronouns (-hu: him/it, -hunna: them.FEM) • Demonstrative pronouns (h*A: this.MASC, tilka: that.FEM) • Relative Pronouns (al~a*y: who/which.MASC, al~atAni: who/which.FEM.DUAL) 07/07/2015 7 Pronoun Categorisation Pronouns Grammatical Category Grammatical Gender Grammatical Number Grammatical Person Personal Pronoun Masculine Singular 1rst Relative Pronoun Feminine Dual 2nd Plural 3rd Demonstrative Pronoun 07/07/2015 8 Verbs • Aspect/Tense • Mood • Voice 07/07/2015 9 Verb Description Verbs Aspect Mood Voice Perfect Indicative Active Imperfect Subjunctive Passive ‘Future’ Jussive Imperative Energetic 07/07/2015 10 • Jussive (almajzwm) lam yaktub. Didn’t he write. He didn’t write. • Energetic la’aktuban~a. *I (do) will write. (No English counterpart) 07/07/2015 11 Verbs • Aspect • Mood • Voice • Agreement (+Person, +Gender, +Number) • Affix Pronoun • Particles (Ex: Prepositions, ‘Future’ ) 07/07/2015 12 Morphosyntactic Inflections for Verbs Verbs Aspect Mood Voice Agreement Particle Perfect Indicative Active Person ‘Future’ Imperfect Subjunctive Passive Gender Preposition ‘Future’ Jussive Number … Affix Pronoun Imperative Energetic 07/07/2015 13 Example of Morphosyntactic Inflections for Verbs sa- ‘uEty‘will I give kumA ()ﺳﺄﻋﻂﯾﻜﻤﺎ you…’ ﺳ: saTYPE: Particle INFLECTION: ‘Future’ 07/07/2015 ﺄﻋﻂﯾ: -‘uEty- ﻜﻤﺎ: -kumA TYPE: VERB ASPECT: IMPERF MOOD: IND PERS: 1 GENDER: M/F NUMBER: SG SUBJ: I TYPE: AFFPR GENDER: M/F NUMBER: DUAL GF: OBJ 14 Nouns and Adjectives • Gender – Masculine – Feminine • Number – Singular – Dual – Plural (=> Agreement between Noun and Adjective) • Grammatical case (NOM, ACC, GEN) • Affix-Pronouns (Clitics) and Definiteness 07/07/2015 15 Nouns and Adjectives Nouns Adjectives Grammatical Category Grammatical Number Grammatical Gender Definiteness Grammatical Case Noun Singular Masculine none nominative Adjective Dual Feminine article accusative adjunction genitive Plural 07/07/2015 16 Example of Inflections for Nouns • KitAb: ‘book’ • KitAb-un: N_SG_M_DEF-_NOM a book • al-kitAba: N_SG_M_DEF+_ACC The book (OBJ) • kitAb-ay-kumA: N_DUAL_M_DEF+_GEN/ACC_AFFPR:-kumA Your ‘two’ books (OBJ) • bi-kitAb-ay-kumA: N_DUAL_M_DEF+_GEN_AFFPR:-kumA_AFFPREP:-bi By your ‘two’ books. 07/07/2015 17 Prepositions • Independent (Ex: min: from, ‘ilA: to..) – Affixation: +AffixPronoun Ex: min-hu: ‘from him’ • Affixed (Ex: bi: with, li: for…) – +Verb/+Noun/+Adjective EX: li-yaktuba: ‘to write’ 07/07/2015 18 Lexical Markup Framework • XML-based • Lexical Entry Description – Inventory – Constraints • Data Category Register (DCR) 07/07/2015 19 DCR Sample 07/07/2015 20 Lexical Markup Framework • ‘Morphalou’ (Salmon-Alt 2004) • ‘MafEalw’ (Akrout 2005) 07/07/2015 21 Sample From ‘MafEalw’ 07/07/2015 22 LFG for Arabic • Objectives: induce Treebank-based LFG resources for Arabic. • Arabic characteristic features: – Morphosyntactic system. – Inflectional system (patterns, clitics, …) – Clause types (nominal, verbal) – Diacritics 07/07/2015 23 ‘aEtytmwGave you.PL.MASC You gave it (to) me. ‘CLITIC’ ‘tm’ 2 MASC PL SUBJ TYPE PRED PERS GENDER NUM ASPECT MOOD VOICE PRED PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE ‘‘aEtY<(SUBJ)(OBJ)(OBJ)>’ OBJ TYPE PRED PERS GENDER NUM CLITIC TYPE PRED PERS GENDER NUM ‘CLITIC OBJ 07/07/2015 nyme ‘ny’ 1 MASC/FEM SG ‘hA’ hA. it.SG.FEM SUBJ ASPECT MOOD VOICE PRED CLITIC CLITIC CLITIC TYPE PERS GENDER NUM ‘CLITIC’ 2 MASC PL PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE ‘‘aEtY<(SUBJ)(OBJ)(OBJ)>’ ‘‘tm’ ‘ny’ ‘hA’ OBJ OBJ 3 FEM SG 24 References • • • • • • • Akrout, A (2005), Pre-doctoral dissertation : ‘Modélisation d’un lexique flexionnel de l’Arabe Classique’, University of Metz, France. Blachère, R. & Gaudefroy-Démombynes, M. (1975). Grammaire de l'arabe classique. 3rd edition, G.P. MAISONNEUVE & LAROSE (Ed), Paris, France. Cavalli-Sforza, V., Soudi, A. & Mitamura, T. (2000). Arabic Morphology Generation Using a Concatenative Strategy, in The Proceedings of NAACL-2000. on line: http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/A/A00/A00-2012.pdf Fillmore, Ch. (1968). The case for case. In: Bach, E., Harms, R. T., Eds., Universals in Linguistic Theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York: 1-88. Fleisch, H. (1961). Traité de Philologie Arabe, vol I, préliminaires, Phonétique, Morphologie Nominale, Tome XVI. 247-267. George, M. & Francopoulo, G. (2004). Lexical Markup Framework (LMF). Working Draft (ISO-24613). On line : http://www.tagmatica.fr/doc.htm Versteegh, K. (1997). The Arabic Language. Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain, University Press, Cambridge. 74-92. 07/07/2015 25 Any questions? 07/07/2015 26