Transcript Chapter 4 - FEG - AzarGrammar.com

CONTENTS
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
Review
Past participle
Forms of the present perfect
Meanings of the present perfect
Simple past vs. present perfect
Using since and for
Present perfect progressive
Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect
Using already, yet, still, and anymore
Past perfect
1
Review and Preview
PRESENT AND PAST VERBS
give
take
love
find
be
Jenna _____
is Max.
loves her dog. His name __
gave Max to her. Her
Jenna’s grandfather ____
grandfather _____
found him at an animal shelter.
Jenna _____
takes very good care her dog.
He __
is a great dog.
2
4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
She has forgotten his name.
3
4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE
SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
REGULAR
VERBS
finish
stop
wait
finished
stopped
waited
finished
stopped
waited
IRREGULAR
VERBS
see
make
put
saw
made
put
seen
made
put
past perfect tense
present perfect tense
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4-1 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE
FORM
SIMPLE
PAST
PAST
PARTICIPLE
stop
go
take
write
stopped
went
took
wrote
stopped
gone
taken
written
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
He has finished all his work.
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(a) I have worked very hard this year.
(b) The students have worked hard.
(c) Alex has worked very hard.
STATEMENT: have/has + past participle
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home.
(e) She’s/He’s gone home.
(f) It’s been hot all week.
CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ’ve
pronoun + has =k’s
8
4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(g) I have not gone home yet.
(h) Fatima has not gone home.
NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(g) I haven’t gone home yet.
(h) Fatima hasn’t gone home.
NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle
NEGATIVE CONTRACTION:
have + not = haven’t
has + not = hasn’t
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(i) Have you read
the report?
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(j) Has Marcy gone home?
(k) How long have you worked there?
QUESTION :
have/has + subject + past participle
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(l)
No, I haven’t. I
have only read a
few pages.
Have you read all
of this article?
SHORT ANSWER:
have/haven’t
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4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
(m)
Has Kyung
finished her
homework?
Yes, she has. She
did it after school.
SHORT ANSWER:
has/hasn’t
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4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
you
touch
ever
Have you ever touched a snake?
___________________
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4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
touch
never
I’ve never touched
No, ________________
a snake.
16
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
_________________
Has Justin ever seen a shark?
Justin
see
ever
17
4-2 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
Yes, he ___.
has He saw one near Cape Town,
South Africa.
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
Tyler has taken his
first steps.
Zoe hasn’t walked
by herself yet.
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED
BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?
occurred before now or
sometime in the past
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
now
MEANING #1
(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps.
(b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.
(c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl?
before now
time?
X
X
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.
activity
repeated
before now, unspecified past times
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #1
now
(d) Mary has painted portraits many times.
(e) Her students have painted portraits twice.
before now
X XX
X
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN
IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE
PRESENT.
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2
(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.
(g) I have played the violin for six years.
I learned to play six years ago, and I still
play it.
present perfect +
past
since
for
present
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4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING #2:
x
now
8:00
(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock.
x
x
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4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
Kyung has already taken the test.
MEANING #1: Something happened before
now at an unspecified time.
OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present.
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4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
I’ve been studying since 8 AM.
MEANING #1: Something happened
before now at an unspecified time
OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present
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4-3 LET’S PRACTICE
Rosa has been to Italy three times.
MEANING #1: Something happened
before now at an unspecified time
OR ?
MEANING #2: A situation began in the
past and continues to the present
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
I had an angel fish
when I was a child.
I have had many other
fish since then.
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(a) They completed the game at 4:00.
specific time
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) They have already completed the game.
unspecified time
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old.
specific time
PRESENT PERFECT
(d) I have been in Nigeria three times.
unspecified time
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4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT
SIMPLE PAST
(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days.
for
activity began & ended in past
PRESENT PERFECT
since
last Monday.
(f) Eli has been camping for
9 days.
for / since
activity began & continues
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4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED OR
UNSPECIFIED TIME
?
We have been in Tokyo
many times.
UNSPECIFIED
PRESENT
PERFECT
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4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED OR
UNSPECIFIED TIME
?
Barry has never been to Tokyo.
UNSPECIFIED
PRESENT
PERFECT
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4-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SPECIFIED OR
UNSPECIFIED TIME
?
Gina went to Tokyo
last month.
SPECIFIED
SIMPLE PAST
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
I have been here since 6:00 AM.
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(a) I have worked here
Since
since noon.
since Wednesday.
since April.
since 2006.
since May 9, 2007.
since yesterday.
since last week.
Specific point in time
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
present perfect + since
(c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007.
present progressive NOT used
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
present perfect + since
(d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007.
simple present NOT used
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007.
CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007.
present perfect + since
(e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007.
INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007.
simple past NOT used
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
MAIN CLAUSE
(present perfect)
(f) I have known her
SINCE-CLAUSE
(simple past)
since I was fifteen.
(g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer.
Since
time clause
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(h) I have worked here
For
for fifty minutes.
for five hours.
for ten days.
for about six weeks.
for almost two months.
for many years.
for a long time.
length of time
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4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR
(i) I have worked here for twelve years.
I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it.
present perfect + for + length of time
past
present
(j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now.
simple past
past
present
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4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
3 hours
she was six
Mary has been playing the piano
she was six
since ___________.
Mary has been playing the piano
three hours
for ___________.
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4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
he started school
15 years
Alejandro has studied English
he started school
since ________________.
Alejandro has studied English
fifteen years
for __________________.
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4-5 LET’S PRACTICE
for
since
I have driven a taxi _____
since 2006.
My uncle has driven a taxi ____
for thirty years.
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Dee has been working
for ten hours.
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) Dee has been working since
6 o’clock.
(b) She has been working for
ten hours.
STATEMENT:
have/has + been + -ing
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(c) How long has she been working?
QUESTION FORM:
have/has + subject + been + -ing
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(d) Mary is playing the piano right now.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
in progress right now
duration of time not mentioned
Mary has been playing the piano right now.
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(e) Mary has been playing since noon.
(f) Mary has been playing for an hour.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
began in past
in progress right now
time expressed
Mary is playing the piano since noon.
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4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(g)
CORRECT: It belongs to Amy.
(h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy.
(i)
CORRECT: She has owned it
for one month.
(j) INCORRECT: She has been owning
it for one month.
non-action verbs
progressive tenses
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4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
use
is using the phone.
My sister _________
has been using it for three
She _____________
hours. I need to make a call.
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4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
dance
are dancing
Her parents __________.
have been dancing
They ________________
together for over thirty years.
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4-6 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
OR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
go
going
Where are you _______for
the summer holiday?
going to the beach.
I am ______
have been going to the beach
I ______________
every summer since I was a child.
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
These guys are hiking.
They have been hiking for several days.
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends.
They have been hiking for several days.
duration of present activities,
action verbs
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
repeated activities
unspecified times in the past
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains.
(c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking
many mountains.
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(d) The guys have known each other for
ten years.
(e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing
each other for ten years.
duration of present activities,
non-action verbs
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(f) I have been studying medicine for one year.
OR
(g) I have studied medicine for one year.
same meaning
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(h) Rolf has been running every day since he
was a child.
OR
Rolf has run every day since he was a child.
usual, habitual activities
either tense okay
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4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs.
PRESENT PERFECT
(i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I
visited Mexico.
OR
I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited
Mexico.
usual, habitual activities
either tense okay
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4-7 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT
live
How long has
___ your family ______
lived here?
We __________
have lived here for ten years.
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4-7 LET’S PRACTICE
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
live
been living here?
How long has
___ your family _________
have been living here for ten years.
We _____________
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
I already fed the dog.
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ALREADY
(a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago.
I already fed the dog.
happened before now
Position: midsentence
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
YET
(b) I usually feed the dog, but I haven’t
fed him yet.
did not happen before now
Position: end of sentence
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
STILL
(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
still hungry. He still wants to eat.
(d) I liked classical movies when I was
in college. I still like them.
(e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t
raining.
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
STILL
(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is
still hungry. He still wants to eat.
(d) I liked classical movies when I was
in college. I still like them.
(e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t
raining.
situation continues to exist
Position: midsentence
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ANYMORE
(f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired.
I don’t work anymore.
does not continue
Position: end of sentence
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4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE
ALREADY
(a) I already fed the dog.
YET
(b) I haven’t fed him yet.
ANYMORE
(f) I don’t work anymore.
STILL
(c) He is still hungry.
(e) It still isn’t raining.
affirmative
sentences
negative
sentences
affirmative
or negative
sentences
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4-8 LET’S PRACTICE
She doesn’t have any money.
She _______
already spent it all.
already
yet
still
anymore
74
4-8 LET’S PRACTICE
I did some homework, but I
still have more to do.
______
already
yet
still
anymore
75
4-8 LET’S PRACTICE
We used to be friends, but we had an argument.
We don’t like each other ________.
anymore
already
yet
still
anymore
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
When they arrived
at the store, it had
already closed.
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
(a) When they arrived at the store, it had
already closed.
two events in the past
1st event - Past Perfect
2nd event – Simple Past
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
(b) The store had already closed when
they arrived.
FORM: had + past participle
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
(c) It’d closed.
She’d gone home.
He’d gone home.
They’d gone home.
We’d gone home.
You’d gone home.
CONTRACTION:
I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
X
X
(d) I’m not cooking now.
I’ve already ordered
pizza.
occurred before now,
at an unspecified time
X
noon
PAST PERFECT
before
noon
now
before
now
PRESENT PERFECT
X
(e) I was not cooking at noon.
I had already ordered
pizza.
occurred before another
time in the past
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
X
X
(f) I was waiting when
the pizza arrived.
in progress at a particular
time in the past
he came
home
pizza
arrived
X
PAST PERFECT
pizza
arrived
began
waiting
PAST PROGRESSIVE
X
(g) The pizza had arrived
when he came home.
completed before a
particular time in the past
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4-9 PAST PERFECT
I had already gone to bed
when it started snowing.
a. it started snowing ____
2nd
b. I went to bed
1st
2nd
____
1st
83
4-9 PAST PERFECT
I tried to go shopping, but the
store had closed.
a. store closed
____
1st
1st
2nd
2nd
b. tried to go shopping ____
84
4-9 PAST PERFECT
A friend called to suggest a good movie.
She had seen it last Friday.
a. the friend saw the movie ____
1st
b. the friend called
1st
2nd
____
2nd
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