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WEIGHT MANAGEMENT Chapter 14 HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESS BODY FAT Obesity Is associated with: Unhealthy cholesterol and TG levels Impaired heart function CVD Hypertension Cancer Impaired immune function Gallbladder and kidney disease Skin problems Impotence, sleep disorder back pain, arthritis Type II diabetes (strong association) 2 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. BODY FAT Visceral Fat Subcutaneous Percent Fat Body Fat Definition: 3 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. EVALUATING BODY WEIGHT AND BODY COMPOSITION Methods for Evaluating Obesity Body Mass Index (BMI): Calculated by the following equation: Weight in pounds X 703 / Height in inches (squared) Under 18.5 = 18.6 - 24.9 = 25-30 = Over 30 = 4 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. METHODS FAT OF DETERMINING PERCENT BODY • Hydrostatic (underwater) weighing • Skinfold measurements • Electrical Impedance Analysis 5 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 6 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. ENERGY BALANCE Energy balance equation: Energy in = caloric intake from food Energy out = caloric expenditure Resting metabolism Digestion Physical activity When energy in = energy out Maintain weight Calories > Energy out positive energy balance (Gain weight over time) Calories < Energy out negative energy balance (Lose weight over time) 7 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION AND HEALTH Apples Pears Assessed by measuring waist circumference 8 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH VERY LOW LEVELS OF BODY FAT • • Low % body fat has been linked to problems with the Reproductive, Circulatory, & Immune systems Female Athlete Triad 1. Abnormal eating patterns 2. Amenorrhea 3. Decreased bone density 9 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EXCESS BODY FAT Genetic Factors Genes influence body size, shape fat distribution 300 genes have been linked to obesity Physiological Factors Metabolism Low BMR/RMR = Basal/Resting Metabolic Rate (number of calories you'd burn if you stayed in bed all day) Hypothyroidism= Hormones Leptin 10 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EXCESS BODY FAT Lifestyle Factors Eating Easy access to high calorie foods Eating out of proportion Physical Activity Reduced Psychosocial factors Emotions Coping strategies 11 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH WEIGHT Body Image Severe body image problems like Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) can exist 12 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. EATING DISORDERS • Anorexia Nervosa - Failure to eat enough food to maintain a reasonable body weight – Characteristics • – Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa • • • • – Fear gaining weight, distorted self-image, compulsive behaviors and rituals, excessive exercise amenorrhea Intolerant of cold Low blood pressure and heart rate Depression and suicide Medical complications • Disorders of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal systems 13 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. EATING DISORDERS • Bulimia Nervosa - recurring episodes of binge eating followed by purging • Characteristics: • • Rapid food consumption, followed by purging; afterwards feels ashamed, disgusted, physically and emotionally drained. Health Risks: – – – – – – Erodes tooth enamel Cardiac arrhythmia Esophageal tearing Rupture of the stomach Menstrual problems Increased depression 14 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. EATING DISORDERS • • Binge-Eating - Similar to Bulimia except no Purging behavior. Characteristics Eating patterns - very rapid, eating until uncomfortably full. – Often eat as a way of coping. – Likely to be obese. – High rates of depression and anxiety – 15 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.