Transcript The beta-beam

The beta-beam
Mats Lindroos
CERN
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Outline
• Beta-beam
– EURISOL DS beta-beam: ion choice, main
parameters
– Ion production
– Asymmetric bunch merging for stacking in
the decay ring
– Decay ring optics design & injection
• Evolution of the beta-beam
• Conclusions
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Neutrinos
• A mass less particle predicted by Pauli to explain the shape
of the beta spectrum
• Exists in at least three flavors (e, m, t)
• Could have a small mass which could significantly contribute
to the mass of the universe
• The mass could be made up of a combination of mass states
– If so, the neutrino could “oscillate” between different flavors
as it travel along in space
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Neutrino oscillations
CKM in quark sector -> MNS in neutrino sector
• Three neutrino mass states (1,2,3) and three
neutrino flavors (e,m,t)
n3
Dm223= 3 10-3eV2
n2
n1
Dm212= 3 10-5 - 1.5 10-4 eV2
OR?
n2
n1
q23 (atmospheric) = 450 , q12 (solar) = 300 , q13 (Chooz) < 130
Dm212= 3 10-5 - 1.5 10-4 eV2
Dm223= 3 10-3eV2
n3
Unknown or poorly known
even after approved program:
q13 , phase  , sign of Dm13
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
A. Blondel
2
Introduction to beta-beams
• Beta-beam proposal by Piero Zucchelli
– A novel concept for a neutrino factory: the beta-beam,
Phys. Let. B, 532 (2002) 166-172.
• AIM: production of a pure beam of electron neutrinos
(or antineutrinos) through the beta decay of radioactive
ions circulating in a high-energy (~100) storage ring.
6He
n
Beta-beam
boost
• First study in 2002
– Make maximum use of the existing infrastructure.
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
n
Main parameters
• Factors influencing ion choice
– Need to produce reasonable amounts of ions.
– Noble gases preferred - simple diffusion out of target, gaseous at
room temperature.
– Not too short half-life to get reasonable intensities.
– Not too long half-life as otherwise no decay at high energy.
– Avoid potentially dangerous and long-lived decay products.
• Best compromise
– Helium-6 to produce antineutrinos: 26 He 36 Li e  n
AverageE cms  1.937 MeV
– Neon-18 to produce neutrinos:
18
10
Ne189 F e n
AverageE cms  1.86 MeV
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Annual rate
• The first study “Beta-beam” was aiming
for:
– A beta-beam facility that will run for a
“normalized” year of 107 seconds
– An annual rate of 2.9 1018 anti-neutrinos (6He)
and 1.1 1018 neutrinos (18Ne) at =100
with an Ion production in the target to the ECR source:
• 6He= 2 1013 atoms per second
• 18Ne= 8 1011 atoms per second
• The often quoted beta-beam facility flux for ten
years running is:
– Anti-neutrinos: 29 1018 decays along one straight section
– Neutrinos: 11 1018 decays along one straight section
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
In-flight and ISOL
“ISOL: Such an instrument is essentially a target, ion source
and an electromagnetic mass analyzer coupled in series. The
apparatus is aid to be on-line when the material analyzed is
directly the target of a nuclear bombardment, where
reaction products of interest formed during the irradiation
are slowed down and stopped in the system.
H. Ravn and B.Allardyce, 1989, Treatise on heavy ion science
ISOL:
In-Flight:
Gas
catcher
Driver-beam
Thin
target
Thick
hot ISOL target
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Post
system
6He
production from 9Be(n,a)
Converter technology:
(J. Nolen, NPA 701 (2002) 312c)
• Converter technology preferred to direct irradiation (heat transfer and
efficient cooling allows higher power compared to insulating BeO).
• 6He production rate is ~2x1013 ions/s (dc) for ~200 kW on target.
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Producing
18Ne
and 6He at 100 MeV
• Work within EURISOL task 2 to
investigate production rate with
“medical cyclotron”
– Louvain-La-Neuve, M. Loislet
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
From dc to very short bunches…
• …or how to make meatballs out of
wurst!
•Radioactive ions are usually produced as a “dc”
beam but synchrotrons can only accelerate
bunched beams.
•For high energies, linacs are long and expensive,
synchrotrons are cheaper and more efficient.
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
60 GHz « ECR Duoplasmatron »
for gaseous RIB
2.0 – 3.0 T pulsed coils
or SC coils
Very high density
magnetized plasma
ne ~ 1014 cm-3
Target
Small plasma
chamber  ~ 20 mm / L ~ 5 cm
Arbitrary distance
if gas
Rapid pulsed valve ?
 1-3 mm
100 KV
extraction
UHF window
or « glass » chamber (?)
20 – 100 µs
20 – 200 mA
1012 per bunch
with high efficiency
60-90 GHz / 10-100 KW
10 –200 µs /  = 6-3 mm
optical axial coupling
GSI, 17 January 2005
optical radial (or axial) coupling
(if gas only)
Mats Lindroos
P.Sortais et al.
From dc to very short bunches
20 bunches
B
SPS
2 ms
B
1s
PS
PS: 1 s flat bottom with 20
injections. Acceleration in ~1 s to
~86.7 Tm..
t
t
2 ms
SPS: injection of 20 bunches from PS.
Acceleration to decay ring energy and ejection.
B
1s
PS
t
RCS: further bunching to ~100 ns
Acceleration to ~ 8 Tm.
16 repetitions during 1 s.
t
1s
GSI, 17 January 2005
Post accelerator linac:
acceleration to ~100 MeV/u.
20 repetitions during 1 s.
60 GHz ECR: accumulation for 1/20 s ejection
of fully stripped ~50 ms pulse.
20 batches during 1 s.
Target: dc production during 1 s.
7s
Mats Lindroos
t
1s
What is important for the decay ring?
• The atmospheric neutrino background is
large at 500 MeV, the detector can only be
open for a short moment every second
– The decay products move with the ion bunch
which results in a bunched neutrino beam
Ions move almost at
the speed of light
Only “open” when neutrinos arrive
– Low duty cycle – short and few bunches in
decay ring
– Accumulation to make use of as many decaying
ions as possible from each acceleration cycle
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Decay ring design aspects
•
•
The ions have to be concentrated in a few very short bunches
– Suppression of atmospheric background via time structure.
There is an essential need for stacking in the decay ring
– Not enough flux from source and injector chain.
– Lifetime is an order of magnitude larger than injector cycling
(120 s compared with 8 s SPS cycle).
– Need to stack for at least 10 to 15 injector cycles.
•
Cooling is not an option for the stacking process
– Electron cooling is excluded because of the high electron beam
energy and, in any case, the cooling time is far too long.
– Stochastic cooling is excluded by the high bunch intensities.
•
Stacking without cooling “conflicts” with Liouville
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Asymmetric bunch pair merging
• Moves a fresh dense bunch into the core of the much
larger stack and pushes less dense phase space areas to
larger amplitudes until these are cut by the momentum
collimation system.
• Central density is increased with minimal emittance
dilution.
• Requirements:
– Dual harmonic rf system. The decay ring will be
equipped with 40 and 80 MHz systems (to give required
bunch length of ~10 ns for physics).
– Incoming bunch needs to be positioned in adjacent rf
“bucket” to the stack (i.e., ~10 ns separation!).
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Simulation (in the SPS)
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Test experiment in CERN PS
Ingredients
0.5
0.4
@
D
A
– h=8 and h=16 systems of PS.
– Phase and voltage variations.
0.3
0.2
0
0.1
5
10
15
Iterations
25
0.6
0
8.17 ´ 101 1
0.5
@
D
@
D
0.4
4
e eVs
A
0.3
0.2
5
10
15
Iterations
0.4
20
25
0
8.52 ´ 101 1
@
D
0.2
A
5
0.1
0
10
20
30
Iterations
2.5
@
D
@
D
2
S. Hancock, M. Benedikt and J-L.Vallet,
A proof of principle of asymmetric bunch
pair merging, AB-Note-2003-080 MD 
0
@
D
-4
- 100
MeV
- 75
Erms
= 0.0593 eVs
{
Ematched
= 0.333 eVs
{
2s prms p = 8.5 ´ 10 - 4
- 50
- 25
@
D
0
25
ns
BF = 0.224
Ne = 1.56 ´ 10 11
fs0;1 = 0; 415 Hz
50
75
0
-2
-4
- 60
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
- 40
- 20
@
D
0
20
40
ns

Erms
= 0.0639 eVs
{
Ematched
= 0.323 eVs
{
2s prms p = 1.25 ´ 10 - 3
BF = 0.168
Ne = 1.6 ´ 10 11
fs0;1 = 823 ;790 Hz
60
3´ 104
Ne = 1.63 ´ 10 11
fs0;1 = 0; 1060 Hz
4´ 104
p = 1.34 ´ 10
-2
BF = 0.14
0

-3
4
1´ 104
2s rms
p
8.1 ´ 10
0
e eV
ns
50
@
D
25
5´ 104
0
I
11
e eVs
- 25
e eV
@
D
- 50
@
D
- 75
4´ 104
- 100
5
0
@
D
MeV
E{rms = 0.0583 eVs
E{matched = 0.317 eVs
0
0.1
0
- 7.5
- 125
0.2
6´ 104
-5
0
Ne = 1.57 ´ 10 11
fs0;1 = 822 ;790 Hz
0.3
A
1´ 104
2s prms p = 1.2 ´ 10 - 3
BF = 0.16
@
D
2
2´ 104

Erms
= 0.0585 eVs
{
Ematched
= 0.298 eVs
{
- 2.5
@
D
ns
0.4
3´ 104
60
e eVs
40
@
D
20
0
0
1´ 104
@
D
time
- 20
4
e eV
- 40
4´ 104
- 60
50
0.5
8.16 ´ 101 1
0
3´ 104
MeV
2´ 104
0
-4
40
0
2´ 104
e eVs
-2
0.3
7.5
@
D
0
3´ 104
@
D
MeV
0
0.1
2
4´ 104
energy
0
20
Ring optics
Beam envelopes
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
-0,5
-1
-1,5
-2
-2,5
In the straight sections, we use
FODO cells. The apertures are
±2 cm in the both plans
enveloppes (cm)
Horizontal
The arc is a 2 insertion
composed of regular cells and
an insertion for the injection.
Vertical
s (m)
0
1000
2000
3000
Arc optics
20
At the injection point, dispersion
is as high as possible (8.25 m)
while the horizontal beta
function is as low as possible
(21.2 m).
b1/2 (m1/2)
15
bx1/2
by1/2
10
5
0
Dx
-5
100
s (m)
300
CEA DSM Dapnia SACM
500
A. Chancé, J. Payet
700
There are 489 m of 6 T bends
with a 5 cm half-aperture.
900
1100
The injection septum is 18 m
long with a 1 T field.
Injection
10.0
Horizontal envelopes at
injection
• Injection is located in a dispersive
area
envelopes (cm)
• The stored beam is pushed near
the septum blade with 4 “kickers”.
At each injection, a part of the
beam is lost in the septum
Injected beam
7.5
Septum blade
Injected beam
5.0
after one turn
2.5
0.0
Deviated beam
-2.5
0
50
100
s (m)
150
Optical functions in the
injection section
14
b1/2 (m1/2)
12
bx1/2
• During the first turn, the injected
beam stays on its chromatic orbit
and passes near the septum blade
by1/2
10
• Injection energy depends on the
distance between the deviated
stored beam and the fresh beam
axis
8
6
4
Dx
2
0
-2
s (m)
0
CEA DSM Dapnia SACM
50
A. Chancé, J. Payet
100
• Fresh beam is injected off
momentum on its chromatic orbit.
“Kickers” are switched off before
injected beam comes back
150
The EURISOL beta-beam facility!
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
(September 2005)
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Beta-beam R&D
•
•
The EURISOL Project
–
–
–
–
Design of an ISOL type (nuclear physics) facility.
Performance three orders of magnitude above existing facilities.
A first feasibility / conceptual design study was done within FP5.
Strong synergies with the low-energy part of the beta-beam:
•
•
•
•
Ion production (proton driver, high power targets).
Beam preparation (cleaning, ionization, bunching).
First stage acceleration (post accelerator ~100 MeV/u).
Radiation protection and safety issues.
Subtasks within beta-beam task
– ST 1: Design of the low-energy ring(s).
– ST 2: Ion acceleration in PS/SPS and required upgrades of the existing
machines including new designs to eventually replace PS/SPS.
– ST 3: Design of the high-energy decay ring.
– Around 38 (13 from EU) man-years for beta-beam R&D over next 4 years
(only within beta-beam task, not including linked tasks).
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Design study objectives
• Establish the limits of the first study
based on existing CERN accelerators (PS
and SPS)
• Freeze target values for annual rate at the
EURISOL beta-beam facility
– Close cooperation with neutrino physics
community
• Freeze a baseline for the EURISOL betabeam facility
• Produce a Conceptual Design Report (CDR)
for the EURISOL beta-beam facility
• Produce a first cost estimate for the
facility
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Challenges for the study
• Production
• Charge state distribution after ECR source
• The self-imposed requirement to re-use a
maximum of existing infrastructure
– Cycling time, aperture limitations etc.
• The small duty factor
• The activation from decay losses
• The high intensity ion bunches in the
accelerator chain and decay ring
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Production
• Major challenge for 18Ne
• Workshop at LLN for production,
ionization and bunching this spring
• New production method proposed by
C. Rubbia!
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Charge state distribution!
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Decay losses
•
Losses during acceleration
– Full FLUKA simulations in progress for all
stages (M. Magistris and M. Silari, Parameters
of radiological interest for a beta-beam decay
ring, TIS-2003-017-RP-TN).
•
Preliminary results:
– Manageable in low-energy part.
– PS heavily activated (1 s flat bottom).
• Collimation? New machine?
– SPS ok.
– Decay ring losses:
• Tritium and sodium production in rock is
well below national limits.
• Reasonable requirements for tunnel wall
thickness to enable decommissioning of the
tunnel and fixation of tritium and sodium.
• Heat load should be ok for superconductor.
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
FLUKA simulated losses in
surrounding rock (no
public health implications)
Decay products extraction
Two free straight sections after
the first arc dipole enable the
extraction of decay products
coming from long straight
sections.
Fluorine extraction
0,3
envelopes (m)
Horizontal
Vertical
0,2
Fluorine extraction
Bρ(
0,1
18 9+
F ) ≈ 621 T.m
0,0
-0,1
2300
0,1
s (m)
2350
2400
Lithium extraction
Fluorine extraction needs an
additional septum.
envelopes (m)
0,0
-0,1
-0,2
The permanent septum for
Fluorine extraction is 22.5 m
long and its field is 0.6 T.
Lithium extraction
Bρ(
6
Li3+) ≈ 621 T.m
-0,3
2300
CEA DSM Dapnia SACM
Lithium extraction can be made
without a septum.
Horizontal
Vertical
s (m)
2350
A. Chancé, J. Payet
The decay product envelopes
are plotted for disintegrations at
the begin, the middle and the
end of the straight section.
2400
Decay products deposit in the arc
Deviation of one decay product by one The dispersion after a L long bend
with a radius equal to ρ is :
bend as a function of its length
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
Deviation (cm)

 L 
D   1  cos   
  

F
By this way, we can evaluate the
maximum length of a bend before
the decay products are lost there.
rho = 156 m
Li
0
2
4
6
Lbend (m) 8
Lithium deposit (W/m)
30
Pdeposit (W/m)
Chamber size (m)
0,06
25
0,05
20
0,04
15
0,03
10
0,02
5
0,01
0
70
75
CEA DSM Dapnia SACM
80
85
A. Chancé, J. Payet
90
95
0
s (m)
100
If we choose a 5 cm half aperture,
half of the beam is lost for a 7 m
long bend. With a 5 m long bend,
there is very low deposits in the
magnetic elements.
Only the Lithium deposit is
problematic because the Neon
intensity is far below the Helium
one.
Duty factor
• A small duty factor does not only
require short bunches in the decay
ring but also in the accelerator chain
– Space charge limitations
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Using existing PS and SPS, version 2
Space charge limitations at the “right flux”
[μm]
RCS inj
PS inj
SPS inj
6
He
16.4, 8.8
6.6, 3.5
0.8, 0.4
18
Ne
16.4, 8.8
4.0, 2.1
0.5, 0.3
• Transverse emittance normalized to PS acceptance at injection
for an annual rate of 1018 (anti-) neutrinos
6
RCS inj
PS inj
SPS inj
He
-0.019
-0.11
-0.090
• Space charge tune shift
18
Ne
-0.078
-0.20
-0.15
– Note that for LHC the corresponding values are -0.078 and 0.34
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
“Trend curves”
• A tool to identify the right parameters for a design study
• Does not in themselves guarantee that a solution can be found!
• Requires a tool to express the annual rate as a function of all
relevant machine parameters
psacceleration := (ClearAll[n];
psTpern[t_] := psinjTpern +
(spsinjTpern - psinjTpern) t/psaccelerationtime;
gamma[t_] := 1 + psTpern[t] / Epern;
decayrate[t_] := Log[2] n[t] / (gamma[t] thalf);
eqns = {D[n[t], t] == -decayrate[t], n[0]==nout3};
n[t_] = n[t] /. DSolve[eqns, n[t], t] //First;
nout4 = n[psaccelerationtime]
)
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Gamma and duty cycle
Annualrate
1.2 10
1 10
8 10
6 10
4 10
2 10
18 Ne
17
17
16
16
16
16
100
GSI, 17 January 2005
150
Mats Lindroos
200
250
The slow cycling time.
What can we do?
Ramp time
PS
Ramp
time SPS
Reset
time SPS
Decay
ring
SPS
PS
Production
Wasted time?
8
0
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Time (s)
Accumulation at 400 MeV/u
T1/2=1.67 s
6He
Annualrate
1.2 10
1 10
8 10
6 10
4 10
2 10
19
19
18
T1/2=17 s
18
18
18
T1/2=0.67 s
2
GSI, 17 January 2005
4
6
8
Mats Lindroos
Accumulation
10
time
Stacking
Multiturn injection with electron cooling
Beam Intensity [E8 ions]
8
150000
125000
6
5.
4.
100000
4.
3.
4
75000
3.
2
50000
13
5
9
.3
5.
55
5.
78
5.
93
6.
6
13 6.1
05 6.
6.
2
19 6.2
Linac III rep rate : 2.5 Hz
Ion beam energy : 4.2 MeV/u
Electron energy : 2.35 keV
Electron current : 105 mA
83
37
beam lifetime : 6.5s
88
23
1
.4
2
1.
25000
37
Average accumulated intensity : 6E8 ions
Peak intensity : 7.1E8 ions
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time [s]
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Half life [s]
Tvacuum [s]
Intensity ions [every 100 ms in 30 microsceonds]
Tcool[ms]
Number of turns
Final emittance [micrometer]
Final number of particles in stack
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
0.1
30
104
100
10
0.1
3 104
1
30
5 105
100
10
0.1
3 107
10
30
5 105
100
10
0.1
3 108
Accumulation of 19Ne
Annualrate
1.4
1.2
1
8
6
4
2
19 Ne
18
10
18
10
18
10
17
10
17
10
17
10
17
10
5
10
15
Accumulation
20 time
The annual neutrino rate as a function of the accumulation time in the
EC-RCS and stacked in PS at 10 Hz injection.
The annual rate depends on the combined effects of
the whole accelerator chain.
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Accumulation of 19Ne
Annualrate
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
5
19 Ne
18
10
18
10
18
10
18
10
18
10
18
10
17
10
50
100
150
ECR bunches
200 accumulated
The annual neutrino rate as a function of the number of ECR bunches
accumulated in the EC-RCS and stacked in SPS
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Where are we now, 6He ?
3.5 10
3 10
2.5 10
2 10
18
3.25 10
18
3 10
18
2.75 10
2.5 10
1.5 10
18
2.25 10
100
150
200
250
1.75 10
Flux as a function of gamma
3.2 10
3 10
2.8 10
2.6 10
2.4 10
2.2 10
18
18
18
18
2
18
4
6
8
a SPS repetitiontime of 6. seconds
18
and the standard dutycycle
18
the annual flux of 6He would be 3.44963 1018
18
with 5.8138 10
13
0.015
ions in the decay ring
0.02
18
Flux as a function of duty cycle
GSI, 17 January 2005
10
With an accumulation time in the PS of 4.3125 seconds,
18
0.005
1.8 10
18
Flux as a function of
accumulation time in PS
18
18
6He
18
Mats Lindroos
Where are we now, 18Ne ?
18 Ne
6 10
5 10
16
1.1 10
1 10
16
9 10
4 10
3 10
16
8 10
7 10
16
6 10
100
150
200
17
16
16
16
16
2
250
Flux as a function of gamma
9 10
17
4
6
8
10
Flux as a function of
accumulation time in PS
16
With an accumulation time in the PS of 5.5625 seconds,
8 10
16
, a SPS repetitiontime of 7.2 seconds
, 3 charge states in the linac
7 10
6 10
16
and the standard dutycycle
the annual flux of 18Ne would be 3.42769 1017 ,
16
0.005
13
with 5.8138 10
0.015
0.02
Flux as a function of duty cycle
GSI, 17 January 2005
ions in the decay ring
N.B. 3 charge states
through the linac!
Mats Lindroos
Beyond the EURISOL beta-beam facility
• Energy, intensity, physics reach,
detection method, experiment…
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
EC: A monochromatic neutrino beam
T1/2
BRn
EC/n
b
I EC
B(GT)
EGR
Tb
*
3.1 m
1
0.96
0.96
0.46
Dy 150Tb*
7.2 m
0.64
1
1
Tm2- 152ET*
8.0 s
1
0.45
Ho2- 150Dy*
72 s
1
0.77
Decay
148
Dy
148
150
152
150
GSI, 17 January 2005
GR
DEn
QEC
En
620
2682
2062
0.32
397
1794
1397
0.50
0.48
4300
520
8700
4400
520
0.56
0.25
4400
400
7400
3000
400
Mats Lindroos
150Dy
• Partly stripped ions: The loss due to stripping
smaller than 5% per minute in the decay ring
• Possible to produce 1 1011 150Dy atoms/second (1+)
with 50 microAmps proton beam with existing
technology (TRIUMF)
• An annual rate of 1018 decays along one straight
section seems as a realistic target value for a
design study
• Beyond EURISOL DS: Who will do the design?
• Is 150Dy the best isotope?
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Long half life – high intensities
• At a rate of 1018 neutrinos using the
EURISOL beta-beam facility:
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Gamma and decay-ring size, 6He
Gamma
Rigidity
[Tm]
Ring length
T=5 T
f=0.36
Dipole Field
rho=300 m
Length=6885m
100
150
200
938
1404
1867
4916
6421
7917
3.1
4.7
6.2
350
3277
12474
10.9
500
4678
17000
15.6
New SPS
GSI, 17 January 2005
Civil
engineering
Mats Lindroos
Magnet
R&D
Gamma and annual rate, 6He
Annualrate
8 10
6 10
4 10
2 10
6He
18
18
18
18
100
200
300
400
500
• Nominal duty cycle (saturates at 4 x)
• We must increase production!
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Low energy beta-beam
• The proposal
– To exploit the beta-beam
concept to produce intense and
pure low-energy neutrino beams
6He
n Beta-beam
n
boost
(C. Volpe, hep-ph/0303222, To
appear in Journ. Phys. G.
30(2004)L1)
N
• Physics potential
– Neutrino-nucleus interaction
studies for particle, nuclear
physics, astrophysics
(nucleosynthesis)
– Neutrino properties, like n
magnetic moment
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
6Li+e+n
6He
e
6He
ne e
e
En
ne
Qb4. MeV
n
T
What to conclude?
• Time scale?
• Physics?
• Which option?
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
In 2008 we should know
• The EURISOL design study will with
the very limited resources available
give us:
– A feasibility study of the CERN-Frejus
baseline
– A first idea of the total cost
– An idea of how we can go beyond the
baseline
• Resources and time required for R&D
• Focus of the R&D effort
– Production, Magnets etc.
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
We need to know for 2008
• Is there a feasible detector design?
– Site of the detector and cost
• Is there a physics case for the beta-beam
– The CERN Frejus baseline?
– Other options?
• For other options
– What gamma, duty-factor and intensity do you
require
– Carlo Rubbia beta-beam
• When will we know if there is a physics
case?
– Theta_13
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Theta13
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Present physics reach
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos
Conclusions
• The EURISOL beta-beam facility is our
“study 1”
• The beta-beam concept is extremly rich
–
–
–
–
–
Low energy beta-beams
Monochromatic beta-beams
High gamma beta-beams
Carlo Rubbia beta-beam
Do you have an idea!
• Welcome to the world of beta-beams!
GSI, 17 January 2005
Mats Lindroos