Transcript Air Pollution (Nov 19)

Company
LOGO
Air Pollution
TREN 1F90 Sustainability, Environment and Tourism
Note worksheet
Available for download at
http://www.brocku.ca/tren/courses/
tren1f90
ap.lbl.gov/.../ELSI/Frames/pollution-main-f.html
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Carbon
Carbon monoxide:
• CO is a colourless, odourless gas
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Carbon
Carbon monoxide:
• CO is a colourless, odourless gas
• poisonous: ______________________________
_______________________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Carbon
Carbon monoxide:
• CO is a colourless, odourless gas
• poisonous: binds to hemoglobin and blocks
oxygen transport to cells
Mode of action of CO
Direct binding to hemoglobin molecules
within red blood cells,
upsetting cellular
metabolism
→ disrupts oxygen
and carbon dioxide
transport
Image credit:
dept.physics.upen
n.edu/.../
subsection1_1_3.
html
Hemoglobin molecule with
carbon monoxide attached
Image copyright 2000 by Nucleus
Communications, Inc. All rights reserved.
http://www.nucleusinc.com
See “Why is Carbon
Monoxide so Poisonous?” at
www.edinformatics.com/.../
carbon_monoxide.htm
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Carbon
Carbon monoxide:
• CO is a colourless, odourless gas
• poisonous: binds to hemoglobin and blocks
oxygen transport to cells
• ________% comes from natural sources,
especially from ___________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Carbon
Carbon monoxide:
• CO is a colourless, odourless gas
• poisonous: binds to hemoglobin and blocks
oxygen transport to cells
•
85
% comes from natural sources,
especially from ___________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Carbon
Carbon monoxide:
• CO is a colourless, odourless gas
• poisonous: binds to hemoglobin and blocks
oxygen transport to cells
•
85
% comes from natural sources,
especially from oxidation of methane (marsh gas)
Major Air Pollutants
Carbon monoxide:
• human sources:_________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Carbon monoxide:
• human sources: combustion of fuels
Major Air Pollutants
Carbon monoxide:
• human sources: combustion of fuels
• human inputs insignificant on a global scale, but
95-98% of CO levels in cities may come from
this source, and CO levels may be 50-100 times
greater than worldwide averages
CO Concentrations in Ontario
Geographical distribution of 1 hour
maximum CO concentrations (ppm)
across Ontario (1997)
Source: Ministry of the Environment, 1999. Air Quality in Ontario –
A Concise Report on the State of Air Quality in the Province of Ontario 1997. Canada.
Major Air Pollutants
Carbon monoxide:
• human sources: combustion of fossil fuels
• human inputs insignificant on a global scale, but
95-98% of CO levels in cities may come from
this source, and CO levels may be 50-100 times
greater than worldwide averages
• cigarette smoke contains 200-400 ppm CO;
ties up 5 - 15 % of smoker's hemoglobin during
smoking
Major Air Pollutants
Carbon dioxide:
• CO2 is a normal component of atmosphere
(currently about ______ ppm)
Major Air Pollutants
Carbon dioxide:
• CO2 is a normal component of atmosphere
(currently about 391 ppm)
• average concentrations rising slowly due to
______________________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Carbon dioxide:
• CO2 is a normal component of atmosphere
(currently about 391 ppm)
• average concentrations rising slowly due to
burning of fossil fuels, destruction of forests
Major Air Pollutants
Carbon dioxide:
• CO2 is a normal component of atmosphere
(currently about 391 ppm)
• average concentrations rising slowly due to
burning of fossil fuels, destruction of forests
• serious implications regarding global climate
change via the "greenhouse effect"
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of sulphur
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Sulphur trioxide (SO3)
• acrid, poisonous, corrosive gases
• produced primarily by_____________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of sulphur
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Sulphur trioxide (SO3)
• acrid, poisonous, corrosive gases
• produced primarily by burning of high-sulphur
fossil fuels (coal, oil) in industrial processes,
thermal generators, and heating systems
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of sulphur
• SO2 reacts slowly in air to produce SO3;
SO3 may react with water to form droplets of
H2SO4 (sulphuric acid)
• dangerous to health when H2SO4 and sulphate
salt particulate pollution are inhaled together
→ synergistic effect greatly increases risk of
lung cancer
bisulphite
sulphur dioxide
sulphuric acid
ammonium sulfate
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of sulphur
SO2 emissions may be reduced by:
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of sulphur
SO2 emissions may be reduced by:
1. Switching to low-sulphur fuels (< 1% sulphur)
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of sulphur
SO2 emissions may be reduced by:
1. Switching to low-sulphur fuels (< 1% sulphur)
2. Processing fuels to reduce / remove sulphur
3. _____________________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of sulphur
SO2 emissions may be reduced by:
1. Switching to low-sulphur fuels (< 1% sulphur)
2. Processing fuels to reduce / remove sulphur
3. Catalytic ‘scrubbing’ of exhaust or stack gases
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen
Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• NO formed in reaction between N and O at high
temperatures in boilers, internal combustion
engines, etc.
• NO reacts slowly with ________and rapidly with
______________ to form NO2, a reddish-brown
gas with a pungent choking odour
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen
Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• NO formed in reaction between N and O at high
temperatures in boilers, internal combustion
engines, etc.
• NO reacts slowly with oxygen and rapidly with
ozone to form NO2, a reddish-brown gas with a
pungent choking odour
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen
• natural microbial action produces _______ times
more NOx than human activities, but
anthropogenic NOx is concentrated:
urban NOx levels are ______ to ______ times
greater than non-urban atmospheres.
• NO2 is a______________________________
and may damage plants
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen
• natural microbial action produces about 10 times
more NOx than human activities, but
anthropogenic NOx is concentrated:
urban NOx levels are ______ to ______ times
greater than non-urban atmospheres.
• NO2 is a_________ and may damage plants
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen
• natural microbial action produces about 10 times
more NOx than human activities, but
anthropogenic NOx is concentrated:
urban NOx levels are 10 to 100
greater than non-urban atmospheres.
times
• NO2 is a _________ and may damage plants
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen
• natural microbial action produces about 10 times
more NOx than human activities, but
anthropogenic NOx is concentrated:
urban NOx levels are 10 to 100
greater than non-urban atmospheres.
times
• NO2 is a lung irritant and may damage plants
http://www.utoronto.ca/imap/collections/air_quality/ozone_
exceedance_gases.htm
NOx Emissions in North
America 1 x 1 degree
Source: Canadian Global
Emissions Interpretation
Centre
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen
• major threat is its role in the formation of
______________________________________
• may be controlled from chimneys by
______________________________________
______________________________________
• control in auto exhaust requires
___________________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen
• major threat is its role in the formation of
photochemical oxidants
• may be controlled from chimneys by
______________________________________
______________________________________
• control in auto exhaust requires
________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen
• major threat is its role in the formation of
photochemical oxidants
• may be controlled from chimneys by
adjusting flame temperature and fuel delivery
rates to ensure more complete combustion
• control in auto exhaust requires
________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen
• major threat is its role in the formation of
photochemical oxidants
• may be controlled from chimneys by
adjusting flame temperature and fuel delivery
rates to ensure more complete combustion
• control in auto exhaust requires
the use of catalytic converters
http://www.utoronto.ca/imap/collections/air_quality/maps/Ontario-avg-NO2.jpg
Average NO2 Concentrations in Ontario
Source: MOE (1999)
Major Air Pollutants
Hydrocarbons
E.g. methane
benzene
butane
propane
Sources include:
1) ________________________________
2) ________________________________
3) ________________________________
•
•
involved in the production of
__________________________________
some directly carcinogenic; most are highly
reactive and do not persist for a long time
Major Air Pollutants
Hydrocarbons
E.g. methane
benzene
butane
propane
Sources include:
1) Incompletely- burned fuels
2) ________________________________
3) ________________________________
•
•
involved in the production of
__________________________________
some directly carcinogenic; most are highly
reactive and do not persist for a long time
Major Air Pollutants
Hydrocarbons
E.g. methane
benzene
butane
propane
Sources include:
1) Incompletely- burned fuels
2) Solvent and fuel evaporation
3) ________________________________
•
•
involved in the production of
__________________________________
some directly carcinogenic; most are highly
reactive and do not persist for a long time
Major Air Pollutants
Hydrocarbons
E.g. methane
benzene
butane
propane
Sources include:
1) Incompletely- burned fuels
2) Solvent and fuel evaporation
3) Refinery emissions
•
•
involved in the production of
__________________________________
some directly carcinogenic; most are highly
reactive and do not persist for a long time
Major Air Pollutants
Hydrocarbons
E.g. methane
benzene
butane
propane
Sources include:
1) Incompletely- burned fuels
2) Solvent and fuel evaporation
3) Refinery emissions
•
•
involved in the production of
photochemical smog
some directly carcinogenic; most are highly
reactive and do not persist for a long time
http://www.utoronto.ca/imap/collections/air_quality/maps/dkgvocen.jpg
Major Air Pollutants
Photochemical oxidants
-
secondary pollutants produced in the
atmosphere by _____________________________
___________________________________________
-
a complex mixture of reactive components
including:
1) O3 ___________________________________
Effects:
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Photochemical oxidants
-
secondary pollutants produced in the
atmosphere by reaction of NOx and
hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight
-
a complex mixture of reactive components
including:
1) O3 ___________________________________
Effects:
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Photochemical oxidants
-
secondary pollutants produced in the
atmosphere by reaction of NOx and
hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight
-
a complex mixture of reactive components
including:
1) O3 Ozone
Effects:
______________________________________
______________________________________
Major Air Pollutants
Photochemical oxidants
-
secondary pollutants produced in the
atmosphere by reaction of NOx and
hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight
-
a complex mixture of reactive components
including:
1) O3 Ozone
Effects:
crop damage; rots rubber and plastics;
throat irritation; fatigue; sterility
2) PAN __________________________________
Effects:________________________________
______________________________________
3) R - C=O ______________________________
|
H
Effects: ________________________________
______________________________________
2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates
Effects:________________________________
______________________________________
3) R - C=O ______________________________
|
H
Effects: ________________________________
______________________________________
2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates
Effects: damage to wild plants and to crops;
irritation of eyes and mucous membranes
3) R - C=O ______________________________
|
H
Effects: ________________________________
______________________________________
2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates
Effects: damage to wild plants and to crops;
irritation of eyes and mucous membranes
3) R - C=O aldehydes
|
H
Effects: ________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
2) PAN peroxyacetyl nitrates
Effects: damage to wild plants and to crops;
irritation of eyes and mucous membranes
3) R - C=O aldehydes
|
H
Effects: eye, nose, throat irritation, coughing,
wheezing, and bronchitis. Formaldehyde is
considered a probable human carcinogen.
ammonia
ammonium sulfate
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS:
ozone
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrous acid
Nitric Acid
Ethene, etc.
Particulates
May be solids:
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
may be solids:
• smoke
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
may be solids:
• smoke
• soot
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
may be solids:
• smoke
• soot
• dust
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
may be solids:
• smoke
• soot
• dust
• asbestos
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
may be solids:
• smoke
• soot
• dust
• asbestos
• metallic particles
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
may be solids:
• smoke
• soot
• dust
• asbestos
• metallic particles
• sulphate salts
• __________________________________
Particulates
may be solids:
• smoke
• soot
• dust
• asbestos
• metallic particles
• sulphate salts
• pollen
Particulates
may be liquids:
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
may be liquids:
• oil sprays
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
may be liquids:
• oil sprays
• aqueous sprays
• __________________________________
Particulates
May be liquids:
• oil sprays
• aqueous sprays
• solvent sprays
Particulates
May be liquids:
• oil sprays
• aqueous sprays
• solvent sprays
• e.g., ‘chemtrails’ from passenger jets
Particulates
may be liquids:
• oil sprays
• aqueous sprays
• solvent sprays
Liquid droplets suspended in air:
• __________________________________
Particulates
may be liquids:
• oil sprays
• aqueous sprays
• solvent sprays
Liquid droplets suspended in air:
• aerosols
Particulates
Effects of particulates include:
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
Effects of particulates include:
• Damage to respiratory tract
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
Effects of particulates include:
• Damage to respiratory tract
• Synergistic effects on health (e.g. lung disease)
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
Effects of particulates include:
• Damage to respiratory tract
• Synergistic effects on health (e.g. lung disease)
• Damage to crops, wildlife, livestock
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
Effects of particulates include:
• Damage to respiratory tract
• Synergistic effects on health (e.g. lung disease)
• Damage to crops, wildlife, livestock
• Soiling and damage to materials
• __________________________________
Particulates
Effects of particulates include:
• Damage to respiratory tract
• Synergistic effects on health (e.g. lung disease)
• Damage to crops, wildlife, livestock
• Soiling and damage to materials
• Microclimate effects, reduced visibility
Particulates
Photochemical smog is a combination of :
• Photochemical oxidants
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
Particulates
Photochemical smog is a combination of :
• Photochemical oxidants
• Gaseous hydrocarbons
• __________________________________
Particulates
Photochemical smog is a combination of :
• Photochemical oxidants
• Gaseous hydrocarbons
• Particulates
Company
LOGO
Controlling Air Pollution
Controlling air pollution
• Technological approaches
• Legislative approaches
• Volunteer initiatives
Technological Approaches
•
•
•
•
Catalytic converters
Scrubbers
Dust and particulate entrapment systems
Activated carbon filters
Technological Approaches
• Catalytic converters
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/
catalytic-converter-location.jpg
• Catalytic converters
www.cateran.com.au/ cateran/data.aspx
The Reduction Catalyst
• first stage of the catalytic converter
• uses platinum and rhodium to help reduce the
NOx emissions
• When an NO or NO2 molecule contacts the
catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out
of the molecule and holds on to it, freeing the
oxygen in the form of O2.
• The nitrogen atoms bond with other nitrogen
atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst, forming
N2. For example:
2NO => N2 + O2 or 2NO2 => N2 + 2O2
The Oxidization Catalyst
• second stage of the catalytic converter
• reduces the unburned hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide by burning (oxidizing)
them over a platinum and palladium
catalyst
• aids the reaction of the CO and
hydrocarbons with the remaining oxygen
in the exhaust gas. For example:
2CO + O2 => 2CO2
Scrubbers
• air pollution control devices
• air scrubbers, wet scrubbers, and gas scrubbers
• use a high-energy liquid spray to remove
aerosol and gaseous pollutants from an air
stream
• gases removed either by absorption or chemical
reaction
• may be used for process air cleansing and dust
collection
• commonly used to help control emissions of
sulfur into the atmosphere
See http://process-equipment.globalspec.com/LearnMore/Manufacturing_Process_Equipment/Air_Quality/Scrubbers
Image source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/
aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T629102A.gif
Dust filters
• Use filter media and
cyclonic action to
trap dust and
particulates in
exhaust gases from
industrial processes
Air Quality - Legislative approaches
Federal:
• Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA):
regulates air emissions on toxic substances
through life cycle, fuels and fuel components,
environmentally safe codes of practice, and control
of transboundary air pollution, certain controlled
substances (ozone depleting chemicals, asbestos,
lead, mercury, vinyl chloride / PVC)
CEPA Regulations
Part 7: Controlling Pollution and Managing Wastes
• Division 4: Fuels (Sections 138-148) - National fuel mark
system
• Division 5: Vehicle Engine and Equipment Emissions
(Sections 149-165) - transfers legislative authority from
the Motor Vehicle Safety Act to CEPA. Generally
speaking air, rail and marine engines are covered by the
Aeronautics Act (R.S.C 1985, c. A-2),the Canada
Transportation Act (S.C. 1996, c. 10) and the Canada
Shipping Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. S-9)
• Division 6: International Air Pollution (Sections 166-174)
• Division 8: Control of the Movement of Hazardous Waste
and Recyclable Material and Prescribed Non-Hazardous
Waste for Final Disposal (Sections 185-192)
Air Quality - Legislative approaches
• CCME / Environment Canada Management Plan
for Nitrogen Oxides and VOCs (Nov 1990) to
identify domestic emissions problems and
ensure international compliance
(see http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/epb/ccme/smog.html)
Air Quality - Legislative approaches
Provincial
Environmental Protection Act:
• Ontario Regulation 419/05, Air Pollution - Local
Air Quality
• Decisions and Proposals for Individual
Contaminants
Drive Clean Program:
vehicle emissions testing program to
reduce smog and its harmful effects on the
air (http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/cons/371706.htm)
Air Quality – volunteer initiatives
• Clean Air Day
(05 June 2013) A day of
celebration and awareness activities across
the country to invite Canadians to take action
on clean air and climate change.
• One Tonne Challenge: Government of
Canada challenges all Canadians to reduce
our emissions of greenhouse gases by one
tonne (or about 20%).
• Consumer - Environmental Choice
Program: helps consumers identify
products and services that are less harmful to
the environment, including air quality.
Air Quality – other initiatives
• ecoACTION programs:
– ecoAUTO rebate program
– ecoENERGY home retrofit grants
– ecoTRANSPORT municipal grants
• Commuter Challenge
Air Quality – other initiatives
• Energy Efficiency Participation
Initiatives
• Transportation Outreach
• Residential Wood Heating Guide
• Pesticide use guidelines
• Citizen Monitoring of lichens (air
quality indicators) under international
Ecological Monitoring and Assessment
Network (EMAN) protocols