Transcript Thermodynamics I

Toolbox
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Reynolds Number
Relative roughness
Darcy Equation
HP Equation
Moody Chart
More Toolbox
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Explicit equation
Hazen- Williams
Hydraulic radius
HW Coefficient
Hazen-Williams
 Empirical: equation fitted to data on
water at 60oF, pipe diameter >2in.,
water velocity < 10fps
 Water works primary use
 V = 1.318CHWRH0.63S0.54 (USCS)
• CHW – roughness coefficient
• RH – hydraulic radius
• S – energy gradient
Friction
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Pipe – Darcy Equation
Minor losses
Fittings
Valves
Special purpose components
Minor Losses
 Head loss: streamline separation
 Loss coefficient
Minor Losses
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Fittings
Valves
P loss due to change in
Direction
Velocity
Loss Coefficient
Loss Coefficients
K = 0.5
K = .07
For 60o
K = 0.3
K = 1.0
Minor losses
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Equivalent length
hf = f (Le/D)(V2/2g)
Wide-open gate valve: K = 10
Wide-open gate valve: Le = 340
Minor Losses
 Inlet/exit
 Expansion/
contraction
 Bends/elbows
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Valves
Globe
Needle
Gate
Ball
Check
Butterfly
Diaphram
Loss Coefficient
 hL = K V2/2g
Type of Component or Fitting
Minor Loss Coefficient
-ξ-
Tee, Flanged, Dividing Line Flow
0.2
Tee, Threaded, Dividing Line Flow
0.9
Tee, Flanged, Dividing Branched Flow
1.0
Tee, Threaded , Dividing Branch Flow
2.0
Union, Threaded
0.08
Elbow, Flanged Regular 90o
0.3
Elbow, Threaded Regular
90o
1.5
Elbow, Threaded Regular
45o
0.4
Elbow, Flanged Long Radius
90o
0.2
Elbow, Threaded Long Radius 90o
0.7
Elbow, Flanged Long Radius 45o
0.2
Return Bend, Flanged
180o
Return Bend, Threaded
180o
0.2
1.5
Globe Valve, Fully Open
10
Angle Valve, Fully Open
2
Gate Valve, Fully Open
0.15
Gate Valve, 1/4 Closed
0.26
Gate Valve, 1/2 Closed
2.1
Gate Valve, 3/4 Closed
17
Swing Check Valve, Forward Flow
2
Ball Valve, Fully Open
0.05
Ball Valve, 1/3 Closed
5.5
Ball Valve, 2/3 Closed
200
Diaphragm Valve, Open
2.3
Diaphragm Valve, Half Open
4.3
Diaphragm Valve, 1/4 Open
21
Water meter
7
Minor Losses
 Equivalent length
• LE/D
• fT
References
Images & examples
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Mechanics of Fluids, 3rd Edition, Potter & Wiggert,
Brooks & Cole
Applied Fluid Mechanics, 6th Edition, Mott, Prentice Hall
Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition Crowe, &
Roberson, Wiley
Fluid Mechanics Cengel & Cimbala McGraw Hill