The Drive to Nationhood: 1854-1868
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Transcript The Drive to Nationhood: 1854-1868
The Drive to NationhoodConfederation &
British North America Act
1854-1867
Social Studies 10
Chapter 2 Notes
Mr. Bausback
1. Important Factors Contributing to
Confederation:
Impact of Act of Union, 1840
Lord Elgin's handling of the Rebellion Losses Bill
Effect of “double (house) majority” and “political deadlock”
Influence of the American Civil War and resentment towards
Britain and her colonies
1. Important Factors Contributing to
Confederation:
Influence of the Irish American “Fenian Raids”
Effect of Britain's abandonment of the mercantile system“free trade”
Threat of western expansion and US “manifest destiny”
The need for a trans-continental railway to foster trade and
improve defenses
2. Lord Elgin & His Efforts:
Establishes responsible government in Canada
Invites Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin to form a
government
First Governor General to remove himself from the affairs of the
legislature
Allows passing of Rebellion Losses Bill (compensating French Canadians
for losses suffered during the Rebellions of 1837) despite Tory opposition
and rioting
Negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States in an attempt to
stimulate the Canadian economy
3. Reciprocity Treaty -1854-1865:
British colonies in North America traded with Britain (lower
or no trade taxes)
Britain enters free-trade period (lowest deal available, from
any country)
British colonies in North America lost specialties, economy
suffered
3. Reciprocity Treaty -1854-1865:
1854- Reciprocity Treaty signed between British North
America and U.S. (resulted in free trade of natural goods
between British North American colonies and U.S.)
British North American colonies got specialties (no trade tax)
with U.S. trading
1865- U.S. ended Reciprocity Treaty; they thought British
colonies could keep trading amongst themselves without
taxes and economic wealth would continue
4. Representation by Population:
Number of elected members in Legislative Assembly depended on
number of voters
Two West parties, Two East parties
East favored rights of “Canadiens” and bi-culturalism
West wanted ‘rep by pop’ for majority power
Before ‘rep by pop’, there was a political deadlock (equal power; laws
couldn’t be passed)
West parties decided to form the Great Coalition (1864) with East
parties (wanted federal union/Confederation)
5. Expansion of the United States- Manifest
Destiny:
After American Civil War, Americans entered period of
expansion westward, gathering land from Spain, Mexico,
France and Great Britain- this was known as Manifest
Destiny
Good farmland was difficult to get, and expansion westward
would provide lots of settlement areas
5. Expansion of the United States- Manifest
Destiny:
Colonies realized if they could join together, they could
arrive at western areas before Americans (concerned about
expenses)
In 1866, the Fenians made armed raids across the border
into the British North American colonies (could not attack
Britain directly, had to settle for attacking their colonies
instead)
Manifest DestinyMap of Expanding United States:
6. Towards Confederation:
Canada sensed that U.S.A wanted to expand into it
U.S.A wanted to join with British Columbia by building expensive
railroad
John A. McDonald decided to create federal union
He united Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Province of Canada
(Quebec & Ontario) in 1867
Newfoundland and P.E.I rejected union (afraid of losing control of
local affairs)
7. The Atlantic Colonies:
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI, Newfoundland
Serious problems: scarce industrial development
Scarce population growth - residents forced to move elsewhere
Trade problem (U.S. planned to end Reciprocity Treaty)
Less demand for goods from Atlantic colonies
Threat of American expansion, Atlantic Colonies wanted to be stronger, they
banded together
Conference of Charlottetown was held in 1864 to discuss the possible union of
the Atlantic Colonies
7. Atlantic Colonies &
Charlottetown Conference -1864:
September 1, 1864- union of the Atlantic Colonies
Newfoundland did not attend
Province of Canada tried convincing Atlantic colonies to join larger
union
The Fathers of Confederation attended
Province of Canada promised to make railroad connecting Atlantic
Colonies and Canada
Second meeting in Quebec, 1866
7. Atlantic Colonies &
Charlottetown Conference -1864:
8. Who Were the Fathers of Confederation?
Represented the British North American colonies more than once in
confederation
Conferences in Charlottetown, 1864; Quebec, 1866; and London, 1866
The people were: John A. Macdonald; George Brown; George-Etienne
Cartier, Alexander Tilloch Galt, Charles Tupper, Thomas D'Arcy
McGee, Hector-Louis Langevin
8. Who Were the Fathers of Confederation?
9. Political Leaders & Views:
George Etienne Cartier- Parti Blue; C. East; Conservative; Promote
traditions & French Culture
Louis-Joseph Papineau- Parti Rouge; C. East; Reformer; Promote
French interests, lower classes, working with C. West
John A. Macdonald- Tory; C. West; Conservative; Pro Britain,
industry, & commerce
George Brown- Clear Grits; Liberal; “Rep by pop”, pro-Canadian, and
anti-French
9. Political Leaders:
10. Quebec Conference, 1866:
Job of delegates at Quebec conference: convincing Anti-Confederates to join
Confederation
For the 72 resolutions to be passed, had to be approved by the Colonial
assemblies in Province of Canada at the Quebec Conference, 1866
In Atlantic Colonies
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia voted against idea of Confederation
Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland rejected idea of Confederation
People in Nova Scotia close to railway: interested in Confederation
London Conference: Sixteen Delegates from New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia presented the Seventy-two Resolutions
11. London Conference- 1866- BNA- 1867:
Created as a result of the London Conference, 1866
Constitution Act of 1867 occurred on March 29th (constitutions are rules that
govern a country)
Purpose: Union of Canada (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick)
Canada was divided up into 4 divisions: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, & New
Brumswick
Formerly called BNA act (British North America Act)
Act outlined the Distribution of Powers between central parliament and the
provincial legislatures
Canada’s constitution was written and unwritten, U.S. constitution: written,
Britain’s constitution: unwritten
12. Completing Confederation- PEI &
Newfoundland:
Wide spread opposition to idea of Confederation in Prince Edward Island and
Newfoundland
July 1873 - joined Confederation - Newfoundland on 1949
Canadian government gave Prince Edward Island $80,000 for joining confederation
Little in common with people of Canada
Drop in prices of fish, seal oil, - faced bankruptcy
Business community and Roman Catholic Church: Anti-Confederates
12. Completing Confederation- Manitoba & British
Columbia:
Louis Riel led Metis Rebellions of 1869-70 at red River Colony
(Winnipeg)
Allowed Manitoba to join Confederation in 1870
Canada's 5th “Postage Stamp” province
BC Cariboo Gold Rush debt in 1860's
Need for a inter-colonial railway to connect the BC with East to trade
Led to British Columbia's entry to confederation in 1871
Canada's 6th province
12. Completing Confederation- Alberta &
Saskatchewan:
Second Metis rebellion in 1885 in Northwest Territories
Problems with native rights and problems policing a “wild west” during
Whiskey trade
Forced Ottawa to invite Alberta & Saskatchewan join Canada in 1905
Canada's 7th & 8th provinces
13. Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada’s First Prime
Minister:
Born January 10th, 1815 in Glasgow, Scotland
Died June 6th 1891
Had severe stroke 1 week before his death (couldn’t talk due to
stroke)
Brought four western provinces into confederation (Manitoba, B.C.,
Saskatchewan, Alberta)
Was 1st Prime Minister of Canada
Started off a very poor lawyer, then climbed up to be Prime Minister
of Canada
14. British North America Act and Canada’s
System of Federalism:
British North America Act (BNA act)
Created Dominion of Canada in 1867
Stated the powers of provincial and federal governments
Outlined the way in which government would be structured
Guaranteed protection of some minority groups
Goal was to create federal union or confederation of colonies of British North
America
15. When Did Canada Finally Do Away With the
BNA Act?
Stands for: British North America Act
Patriated from Britain in 1982
Main written constitution from 1867-1982
Won independence in 1931, but still required British approval
Got total independence because of changes made to BNA Act
British North America Act renamed: Constitution Act of 1867
16. Power- BNA Federal Powers- Section 91:
1. The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation.
2. Postal Service.
3. The Census and Statistics.
4. Militia, Military and Naval Service, and Defence.
5. Navigation and Shipping.
6. Currency and Coinage, Banking, Incorporation of Banks, and the Issue of Paper Money.
7. Weights and Measures.
8. Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians.
9. Naturalization and Aliens.
10. Marriage and Divorce.
11. The Criminal Law, except the Constitution of Courts of Criminal Jurisdiction, but including the
Procedure in Criminal Matters.
16. Powers- BNA Provincial Powers- Section 92:
1. Direct Taxation within the Province
2. The Management and Sale of the Public Lands
3. The Establishment, Maintenance, and Management Prisons, Hospitals, Asylums,
Charities,
4. Municipal Institutions in the Province.
5. Shop Licences
6. Local Works- roads, highways, ferries
7. Property and Civil Rights in the Province.
8. Administration of justice, courts, fines, penalties & imprisonment
9. Education
10. Healthcare
17. BNA Map:
18. BNA Government Diagram:
Responsible Government Diagram:
The End!