Transcript Photos of Lula da Silva and Brazil

Lula da Silva
Fernando Henrique Cardoso
and Brazil
By Ted Goertzel
Rutgers University
Camden NJ 08102
January 1, 2003
Democratic transition from from Fernando
Henrique Cardoso to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Childhood
• Lula da Silva
• Fernando Henrique
• Born 27 Oct 1945 in the
interior of Pernambuco
• Seventh of eight children
• Father left for São Paulo
and his wife’s cousin just
before Lula was born
• Raised in extreme poverty
in the interior of
Pernambuco
• Mother, Dona Lindu, the
dominant influence in his
childhood
• Born 18 June 1931 in Rio
de Janeiro
• First born of three
• Good relationship with
both parents
• Raised in a family with a
distinguished history
• Father a leftist army
officer, lawyer and
politician
• Paternal grandmother
dominant figure at home
Fernando Henrique with
his mother and his paternal
grandmother.
Lula at 3 years old with sister Maria. The clothes and
shoes were loaned to him for the photograph.
FHC:
Scion of the Aristocracy
Parents and siblings
Father beside a bust of
FHC’s grandfather.
Grandfather on his white horse
Cardoso is a Social Democrat but is often
stigmatized as a “neoliberal.” He was elected
President in 1994 by an alliance between his
Brazilian Social Democratic Party and the Party of
the Liberal Front. He was sent to the Senate
in1982 by the Brazilian Democratic Movement
Party. As a youth, he was affiliated with a cultural
group of the Brazilian Communist Party.
Lula the perennial candidate of the Workers Party
Parties in Lula’s
2003 Electoral
Alliance
Some Questions
• What difference does the change in
ideology and party politics make?
• What difference does the difference in
personal leadership make?
• Why has the Lula government been
characterized as “the third term of the FHC
government”?
• What are the likely future trends?
Lula’s parents: Aristides and Euridice (Dona Lindu)
Lula growing up...
Lula on His Father
• “I feel bad about my father (tenho mágoa)
because I think he was very ignorant. He
was a fount of ignorance (um poço de
ignorância). He died in1978 as an
indigent.”
• Lula’s father was illiterate and did not want
any of his children to surpass him by going
to school. He carried a newspaper to work,
sometimes upside down.
• He earned enough as a longshoreman in
Santos to support two families.
Lula on His Mother
• “I thank God for my mother’s courage… At
a time of great misery, my mother raised
five sons who became poor but honest men
and three daughters who did not have to
prostitute themselves. I believe this is a
very noble thing.”
• “My mother sold her watch, her donkey, her
religious statues, her family photographs,
she sold everything, everything she had to
leave the Northeast.”
A Mother’s Boy
• He felt humiliated and
neglected by his father
• He told his brothers
the best thing their
father ever did for
them was to leave with
another woman
• He rebelled against his
father by getting an
education and having a
more successful career
• He cried the first time
he spent a night away
from his mother - on
his honeymoon
• His mother strongly
supported his drive to
get an education
• He won the struggle
for his mother’s love
when she broke with
his two-timing father
Youth
• Lula da Silva
• Fernando Henrique
• Mother and siblings
moved to Santos in the
back of a truck when he
was seven
• Worked as vendor, shoe
shiner and delivery boy
• Public elementary school
• Mother separated from
abusive husband, moved
to São Paulo with children
• Won admission to threeyear training program as a
lathe mechanic
• Father encouraged him to
pursue his literary and
intellectual interests
• Did well in school, but
failed Latin exam for law
school
• Majored in social sciences
because of interest in
Brazilian nationalism
• Involved with an
intellectual journal linked
to the Communist Party
Lula with youthful
friends.
Fernando Henrique with
wife Ruth and son
Young Adulthood
• Lula da Silva
• Fernando Henrique
• Marries a fellow worker
• Wife and newborn die in
childbirth with poor
medical care
• Works as a lathe operator
• Marries a widow, Marisa,
who has a son
• Becomes active in the
metal workers union
• Jailed briefly by military
regime as a strike leader
• Marries a fellow student
and starts a family
• Joins Marxist study group
with friends who become
leading intellectuals
• Begins academic career
• Forced into comfortable
exile by the 1964 military
coup
• Becomes intellectual star
in exile in Chile and
France
Arrested by the
military police in
1980 during a 41 day
general strike in the
industrial suburbs of
Sao Paulo.
Lula’s wife Marisa in front of the church where they were
married, and showing the first PT flag which she sewed.
Discussing
politics
in 1975
Entering Politics
• Lula da Silva
• Fernando Henrique
• Decided to join the group
forming the Workers Party
in 1979 when the military
allows multiple parties
• Joins in forming an
independent labor
federation, the Central
Única dos Trabalhadores
in 1983
• Joins the campaign for
Direct Elections Now! in
1984
• Decides not to join the
Workers Party and joins
the Party of the Brazilian
Democratic Movement
• Elected as Alternate to the
Senate on MDB ticket,
succeeds to Senate when
Franco Montoro becomes
governor of São Paulo
• Joins the campaign for
Direct Elections Now! in
1984
Discussions in 1979 leading
to the founding of the Partido
dos Trabalhadores. Upper left
is a discussion with Communist
Party leaders.
Direct Elections Now!
Lula’s Political Campaigns
• 1982, loses campaign for governor of São Paulo
• 1986, elected to Constituent Assembly to draft
new constitution, FHC one of the leaders
• 1989, loses run-off for Presidency to Fernando
Collor, later impeached for corruption
• 1994, loses Presidency to Fernando Henrique
Cardoso, the Finance Minister who ended inflation
• 1998, loses Presidency to Fernando Henrique
Cardoso as country weathers economic storm
• 2002, elected President of Brazil on the first round
after moderating his platform
Registering the Workers
Party in 1980
On the campaign trail
Lula’s 1989 Campaign
The 1989 PT Party Convention
Campaigning in Porto Alegre in 1988
Time goes by and so many at work.
Suddenly, this clarity to notice
Who has always been sincere and to trust,
Without fear of being happy.
I want to see it come...
Lula-lá! A star is shining!
Lula-lá! Hope grows!
Lula-lá! In this child-Brazil and in the joy of embracing...
Lula-lá! With sincerity,
Lula-lá! Certainly!
Lula-lá! For you, my first vote,
Lula-lá! To make our star shine!
Lula-lá! That's we together!
Lula-lá! It was worth the wait!
Lula-lá! My first vote
To make our star shine!
("Lula lá!", by Hilton Acioly, theme-tune of the 1989 campaign).
Campaign
Materials
1988
1994 Campaign photos
Upper left with Manoelzao
Lower left with Cinta Larga
and Surui Indians
Victory!
2003
Inauguration
Personal History
• FHC: His privileged family background and
intellectual brilliance make it difficult for him to
relate to common people, through the mass media.
He is strong in one-on-one relationships.
• Lula - His success story is inspiring and gives
him the ability to empathize with common people.
People of all classes really want him to succeed.
• Lula - His mixture of radical rhetoric and
pragmatic policies is rooted in his experience as a
union leader and speaks to the emotional and
practical needs of the Brazilian people
Biographer Brito Alves on Lula’s Personality
• Restless , pugnacious, well spoken, authentic,
charismatic, strong willed, persistent and
determined, full of initiative, creativity and
leadership spirit
• Ethical and engaged, struggles tooth and nail for
the interests of the workers
• Has much in common with George Bush:
informality, frankness and human warmth
• Likes soap operas, magazines, cooking on a wood
stove, smoking, informal socializing.
• Emotional, cries easily, likes to touch people,
doesn’t like being alone, doesn’t hold grudges
Leadership Traits
• Strength - FHC and Lula are both strong
leaders working in a democratic framework
• Competence - FHC is exceptionally
competent, Lula relies on advisors
• Empathy - Lula is warm and expressive,
FHC is dry and academic, perceived as
“distant from the people”
Inflation 1983-2001 (Monthly Broad National Consumer Price Index - IPCA )
82%
47%
37%
26%
21%
20%
14%
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)
The Cardoso Effect: Monthly Inflation Rates
Jun-01
Jun-00
Jun-99
Jun-98
Jun-97
Jun-96
Jun-95
Jun-94
Jun-93
Jun-92
Jun-91
Jun-90
Jun-89
Jun-88
Jun-87
Jun-86
Jun-85
Jun-84
Jun-83
10%
Inflation 1983-2001 (Monthly Broad National Consumer Price Index - IPCA )
82%
47%
37%
26%
21%
20%
14%
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)
The Cardoso Effect: Monthly Inflation Rates
Jun-01
Jun-00
Jun-99
Jun-98
Jun-97
Jun-96
Jun-95
Jun-94
Jun-93
Jun-92
Jun-91
Jun-90
Jun-89
Jun-88
Jun-87
Jun-86
Jun-85
Jun-84
Jun-83
10%
Minimum salary/basic basket ratio
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Jun-01
Jun-00
Jun-99
Jun-98
Jun-97
Jun-96
Jun-95
Jun-94
0.6
Source: DIEESE (Inter-Trade Union Department of Statistics and Socio-economic Studies)
The Cardoso Effect: the minimum salary buys more food
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990
1995
2001
2002
The Cardoso Effect: Infant Mortality Rates
Communicating feelings at a press
conference with Finance
Minister Antonio Palocci
Political Parties
• The Workers Party is more organized and
disciplined than Brazil’s other major parties, with
the ideological left a marginalized minority
• It has a reputation for honesty and idealism, sadly
compromised by some recent scandals
• Its historic base is the labor aristocracy and state
employees - a sort of UAW/AFSCME merger
• Cardoso’s Social Democratic Party has more
business and middle class private sector support.
• The other parties are more regional and careerist,
often focused around leading personalities
• Party affiliations are often fluid Brazil
Francisco de Oliveira
on the PT and the PSDB
• The Workers Party (PT ) is led by
workers transformed into operators of
pension funds
• The Social Democratic Party (PSDB)
is led by technicians and economists,
many of whom have gone to work in
banks
• The nucleus of the PSDB was trained at the Catholic
University in Rio, the nucleus of the PT was trained at
the Getulio Vargas Foundation Business School in Rio
• Both parties are based on controlling public funds.
Francisco dropped out of the Workers Party in 2003
Lula with
Vice
President
Jose
Alencar of
the Liberal
Party
The Liberal Party is a small
group with a base among
Protestant activists. The alliance
with them showed that the PT was
willing to play the Brazilian political
game of opportunistic coalitions.
Ideology
• Lula was always a “bread and butter” unionist and
democrat, not a leftist ideologue
• The term “Neoliberalism” is used as a way of
expressing anti-market feelings without
advocating a non-market economy.
• “Liberalism” is a positive term as is “Socialism”
but neither is used to refer to explicit policies
• Both FHC and Lula are social democrats with
similar policy goals, but it is not not expedient for
Lula to admit this.
• Lula is more sympathetic to nationalist and stateled development ideas
The Lula Administration
• The key ministries are in the hands of pragmatic
moderates, with radical histories, who have
continued FHC’s economic model
• Less central ministries have been given to more
ideological appointees
• There have been some difficulties in keeping the
troops in line because of the mismatch between
rhetoric and resources
• There has been a learning curve, many of the
functionaries are less experienced than those in
the FHC administration
Key Leaders
• Key day-to-day leadership is administered
by a core of experienced Workers Party
leaders that have Lula’s full confidence
• Some of these men had quite radical politics
in their younger days, but have become
convinced that Brazil needs to continue
with the general policy framework
established by FHC
Antônio Palocci
• Finance Minister - primary responsibility
for economic policy
• Physician and former mayor of Ribeirão
Preto, a small city in the state of São Paulo
• Formerly a Trotskyist, he was central to the
ideological transformation of the PT
• Has good relations with the business
community
• Known for a “light” personal style
Finance Minister Antonio Palocci meets with Businessmen
José Dirceu
• Chief of Staff - operational
•
•
•
•
control of the government
Student Union leader in late
1960s confrontation with the
military regime
Exile in Cuba, clandestine
activity in Paraná
Founding member of Workers
Party
Elected to state and federal
legislatures
Dirceu Resigns Because of
Corruption Scandal and Returns
to Congress in June 2005
The “SuperShorts” Scandal
(a political leader caught on an airplane with questionable
funds hidden in his underwear)
Replaced by Dilma Rouseff
•Formerly energy minister
•Known as Brazil’s “Iron Lady”
for hard bargaining
•Fought the military dictatorship
from 1964-1985 as a left-wing
guerilla
•Expected to be a strong
manager
Guido Mantega
• Minister of Planning,
Budget and Management
• Worked with FHC in the
1970s
• Doctorate in sociology
• Economics professor at
Getulio Vargas Foundation
• Lula’s economic advisor
during the campaign
• Supports autonomy for the
Central Bank
Henrique Meirelles
• President of the Central
Bank
• Formerly a federal deputy for
the PSDB from Goiás
• Educated at Harvard Business
School
• President of Banco do Boston no Brasil, FleetBoston
Global and World President of BankBoston
• Provides expertise and reassurance of continuity and
stability in the financial system
Less Central Leaders
• Less critical ministries are often run by
people with strong reputations outside of
government
• These ministries also provide representation
for minority groups and minor parties in
Lula’s coalition
• These leaders help to build understanding
and support for cultural and social changes
Minister of Culture Gilberto Gil
and Actor Carlos Mamberti review
participants on National Samba
Day
Gilberto Gil is one of
the most important
singers, composers and
instrumentalists in
Brazilian popular
music. Fluent in
English, French, he is
affiliated with the
Green Party
Minister of Sport Agnelo Queiroz visits the Olympic Village
of Indigenous Games in Palmas, Tocantins. A physician
from Bahia and former federal deputy, he is a leader of the
PC do B, the Communist Party of Brazil
Cristovam Buarque
Cristovam Buarque was
replaced as Minister of
Education when he
persisted in criticizing
the government for not
spending more on the
universities.
He was replaced by
Tarso Genro, former
Workers Party Mayor of
Porto Alegre and
Marxist scholar
Tarso Genro
José
Graziano,
former
Minister of
Food
Security and
Combat
Against
Hunger
The “Zero Hunger” program was poorly conceived
and administered. It has now been folded into the
Ministry of Social Development and has resumed
emphasis on the family scholarship program begun
by Cristovam Buarque and popularized under FHC.
Lula’s Personal Leadership
• Lula is focusing on retail politics, ceremonial
occasions and foreign travel
• He retains great personal popularity despite
spending a great deal of time on foreign travel, a
practice for which the Workers Party severely
criticized FHC
• His vigorous presentation of Brazil’s international
interests has been popular, although his proposals
are not really new and not always realistic
• His criticism of United States protectionist
policies is popular and justified
Inaugurating a Health Club for the Elderly
With the President of Paraguay at Foz de Iguacu
With swimming star Gustavo Borges
Giving Senator Jeferson Peres the Order of Military Merit
Lula is a social drinker whose job requires him to attend a
great many social events. He also is inclined to gain weight
from attending too many banquets.
He relates well to foreign leaders
Of all political persuasions..
The Lula Government
Contentious Issues
• The most difficult and significant accomplishment
has been to push significant civil service and
pension reform measures through Congress
• A proposal to give autonomy to the Central Bank
has caused protests from nationalists
• Setting the minimum wage has been highly
controversial, with some politicians resigning
from leadership positions in protest at the R$260
figure established by the Lula government
Thirty thousand people protest social security
reform, in Brasilia, June 2003
Dirceu to public employees: The Government will no
longer negotiate the social security reform.
Public employees smash windows in Congress to try
to stop the vote on social security reform.
In carrying
out this
reform, Lula
was
implementing
a proposal
that the
Workers
Party and its
allies had
blocked under
FHC.
WARNING!
Do not be fooled by the wolf
dressed in sheep’s clothing. He
wants to privatize public
services. The Federal
Government’s Administrative
Reform proposal will weaken the
Brazilian State. We will revive
the public service with
professional training for public
servants and better use of the
contributors’ money. Only in this
way will we have schools,
hospitals, police services… of
good qualify for all.
Wake up while there is still time,
because the bite of the wolf is
near!!!
Movement to Defend the Public
Service
Parliamentary Front in Defense of the
Public Service
This attack on FHC applies better to Lula
A Greenpeace protestor wearing a Lula mask. Protesting
the legalization of genetically modified seeds (which
Brazilian farmers will use in any event). This is another
area where pragmatism has trumped ideology.
The Landless Farmer’s Movement is impatient with
slow implementation of promises
Commentary
• The next few slides summarize analyses by
a number of Brazilian intellectuals
• A common theme is the longing for a
“national project”
• This is rooted in Brazilian tradition and in
distaste for market economics and United
States hegemony
• Fernando Henrique Cardoso believes
implementing such a project would be a
serious mistake
Cristovam Buarque
• The PT arrived in power with
demands but no clear idea of
how to realize them
• Zero Hunger is a goal, not a
plan and Bolsa Familia is not
socially innovative
• “Combine pragmatism of financial equilibrium in
the short run with the historic ideology of the
long run. Unleash [desentancar] the revolution.”
• Invest in education and “a new kind of economic
development that attends the needs of the masses”
• The party needs to become more active in urging
action on the government
Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira
• There is a generalized sense of frustration
with the government, but no one else has
a national project either
• The government needs vision to deal
with debt, unemployment, economic
stagnation and insecurity
• In the campaign they blamed
globalization and neoliberalism, but
without offering an alternative
• We need a stronger state role in
developing capitalism, similar to China
and other Asian countries
Brazil: The Duck-Billed
Platypus of Social Development?
• Sociologist Francisco de Oliveira suggests that
Brazil, like the duck-billed platypus, is a creature
that violates evolutionary theories but exists and is
likely to continue as an evolutionary dead-end
• It is ruled by a “new class” based on unified
objectives and an ideological consensus abut the
new function of the state.
• The new class is concentrated at the intersection of
the state and autonomous enterprises and the
financial system
Luiz Carlos Mendonça de Barros
• Take India as an example
• They have had rapid growth based
on opening to global markets in
certain sectors
• But the Nationalist government was
just thrown out because the masses
felt left out
• We need the economic growth from
the global market, together with
measures to spread the wealth to the
masses
Carlos Langoni - former Central Bank President
• Lula is applauded by stock brokers and
businessmen because he realizes that
Brazilians have tired of radical rhetoric
and talk of heterodox or miraculous
solutions
• There is no alternative path to
development outside the global model
• The global system is intolerant of
management errors. Exchange rates and
fiscal policies must be stabilized from one
administration to the next
• A new government can make investments
in education, health, etc., but
macroeconomic policy must be preserved
to guarantee stability.
Langoni edits a
widely read
business newsletter
and advises
companies.
Geraldo Alckmin
PSDB Governor of São Paulo
• Investment, foreign and domestic, is
low (17% of GDP) because
investors lack confidence in the
government
• Taxes and interest rates are too high
and the government’s statements
about the economy are dubious and
inconsistent and lack conviction
• Palocci is a good man, but he lost the opportunity
to lower interest rates. The crisis that started in
2002 was due to doubts about the PT’s policies.
César Benjamin
• One option is to integrate with the United States
in ACLA, which would give up Brazilian
autonomy
• The second option is a Latin American
development project independent of the United
States
• The second would guarantee our sovereignty and
continue the project of Simon Bolívar, José Martí,
Ernesto Guevara and Darcy Ribeiro.
• The independence of the Central Bank is designed
to serve the interest of the US and ACLA.
Advisors to the Catholic Bishops
• The economy is focused on paying
debt through taxes, high interest
rates and cutting expenditures, not
on social justice
• Agrarian reform is too slow, due to the financial
constraints
• The technocrats are in control and “new social
model” is not being implemented
• More must be done against corruption and social
disorder
• Gun control and protections against genetically
modified foods are needed
Workers’ Party Journal:
“Where is the Lula government going?”
• Ending hunger
• Ending unemployment should have been given
equal weight
• We are in an epoch of transition of organizational
paradigms
• From a neoliberal paradigm to “the possibility of a
republican paradigm”
• “We are speaking centrally of a change of values,
rationalities and state projects to analyze and
reflect on the historical impasse of three or four
decades of development in Brazil.”
Fernando Henrique Cardoso:
Risks and Options for Brazil Today
• One risk is a return to the military vision of Brazil
as a great power, reinterpreted by the left
• The other risk is the return of the belief that Brazil
needs a national project and an interventionist
state
• These are archaic views that would lead to an
increase in bureaucracy and rigidity
• We need an emphasis on effective social
programs, but not state leadership of the economy
• Lula is acting responsibly, but sometimes speaking
irresponsibly. Some self-criticism would help
Alternative Futures
• Unlikely: the “turn to the left” Lula’s leftist
supporters want. Could lead to default and
a collapse like Argentina 2001
• More likely: a populist turn leading to a
resumption of inflation, growth in
bureaucracy and a Bolivian or Venezuelan
future
• Most likely: continuing the current policy
which might be characterized the Chilean
model with a democratic socialist veneer
Sources
• References are given in “notes” attached to
each slide (open the presentation in
Powerpoint and click on “view/notes page”
• The photographs in this presentation come
mostly from WEB sites.
• Some biographical sources are listed on the
following slides.
Lula’s personal
history is well
documented in
Denise Parana’s
book.An English language
review is available on my
WEB site.
Brito Alves, A Historia de
Lula: O Operario Presidente
is a shorter biography.
An illustrated history of
the Workers’ Party in
English can be found on
the WEB site of a
foundation established
by the party in 1996:
http://www.fpabramo.org.br/me
moria/trajetorias_english/trajetor
ias_ing.htm
Several books are
available on FHC. An
updated chapter of mine is
on my WEB site. Also an
English review of Carlos
Micheles’ book