Transcript Sentence Comprehension with Limited Working Memory

NCTA Seminar on Japan
Winter 06
Mineharu (J.J.) Nakayama
The Ohio State University
January 10 & 17, 2006
[email protected]
http://japan.osu.edu
East Asia
Basic facts about Japan
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Japan – Nippon/Nihon
Flag - Nisshooki
Emblem - Chrysanthemum
Anthem – Kimigayo
Population - about a half of the US
population
• Average life expectancy – M 77.8 F 84.6
in ’05est (US M 74.9 F 80.7 in ’05est)
• Minorities: Ainu, Chinese-Japanese,
Korean-Japanese, (village people)
• http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/fa
ctbook/geos/ja.html
Land
• covers from Maine to Florida
• No part of Japan is farther than
70 miles from the sea
• Tokyo (latitude) – Grand
Canyon
• 4 major islands – Hokkaido,
Honshu, Shikoku, & Kyushu
• 47 states/political regions
• Size – about the size of
California
• 67% - Forests
• 14% -Agriculture
Japanese language: writing systems
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Kanji characters:
日
本
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Hiragana:
に
ほん
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Katakana:
ニ
ホン
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Romaji:
Ni
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English:
Nihon/Japan
hon
A quick history
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Jomon Culture (10th- 3rd C BC)
• Rope figured pots, Dogu (doll)
• First Emperor – Jimmu (660 BC)
(http://w2.avis.ne.jp/~jomon/culture/index.html)
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Yayoi Culture 3rd C BC – 3rd C AD
• Smooth pottery
• Rice cultivation (irrigation)
• Queen Himiko (Land of Wa)
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Kofun Period 3-6th C
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Tombs
Haniwa
Shinto/Kami
Buddhism (538 AD)
Tateana
Izumo
History: Asuka Period (mid 6th -mid 7th c)
Prince Shotoku
• Buddhism becomes the state religion
• First Constitution (17 articles), Chinese calendar
• Horyu-ji (Temple) Hosso Sect
History: Nara Period (710-784)
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Nara Period (710-784)
• Heijo-kyo – imitating Changan, China
• Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) First history book
• Nihon-Shoki (Chronicles of Japan) First written
mythology
• Manyooshu (Collection of Myriad Leaves)
• Shosoin (Imperial museum)
• Todaiji (Temple) Kegon sect – Daibutsu (Great
Buddha)
History: Heian Period (794-1191)
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Heian-kyo in Kyoto (Changan-like)
Aristocratic life style (Fujiwara Family)
Tendai sect (Saicho); Shingon Sect (Kukai)
Kana was developed
Kokinshu (Collection of Ancient and Modern Verse)
imperial anthology
• Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki – World’s first novel
• Pillow Book LP
• Japaneseness
Heian Lady
Heian Man
History: Feudalism
Late Heian Period
Heike (Taira family) vs. Genji (Minamoto family) struggle
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Kamakura Period (1192-1336)
• 1st Shogun – Minamoto-no Yoritomo
• Different Buddhist sects -> Pure Land sect, True Pure Land sect,
Soto Zen sect LP, Nichiren sect
• Kubilai Khan’s attack -> Kamikaze
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Nanboku-cho/Ashikaga Period (1336-1573)
Golden Pavilion, Silver Pavilion
Noh – Zeami
1467-1477 war in Kyoto
1467-1568 civil war
1543 – Portuguese commerce arrived and left a gun
1549-57 Francis Xavier
Kinkakuji
Ginkakuji
Ryuanji Zen Rock Garden
History: Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1568-1603)
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1568 Oda seized Kyoto
• 1582 Oda assassinated
• Toyotomi kept the campaign and completed in 1590
(national unification)
• 1592-7 Toyotomi sent troops to Korea
• Toyotomi was never a Shogun
History: Edo Period (1603-1867)
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Edo Tokugawa Shogunate
• Feudal Lords; 4 classes (outcasts) LP; National Isolation
Policy; Neo-Confucianism
Ninjo vs. Giri – Bunraku (puppet shows)
Haiku, Kabuki, Ukiyoe
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1853 Commodore Perry (Nakahama Manjiro LP)
1867 Last Shogun Tokugawa Keiki resigns
History: Meiji-Taisho
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Meiji Restoration in 1868 LP
• 1869 Emperor moved to Tokyo
• 1872 Compulsory Education; Railroad
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1889 Imperial Constitution (cf. Weimar)LP
1890 Diet (Peers and Representatives)
• 1881-98 6177 British, 2764 Americans, 913 Germans,
619 French, and 45 Italians
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1894-5 Sino-Japanese War (control of Korea)
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1904-5 Russo-Japanese War
• 1907 Universal Education
History: Taisho-Showa PreWWII
• 1910-45 Occupation of Korea
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1914-8 Entry into WWI
• 1925 Universal male suffrage
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1931 Depression; occupied Manchuria
• 1933 withdrawing from the League of Nations
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1937 War against China (Rape of Nanking)
1940 Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
• Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
• 1941 Pact with Russia
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1941 WWII
• (3 choices - backing down in China, seize Indonesian oil, compromise
with the US) LP
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1945 Atomic bombs (8/6 Hiroshima; 8/9 Nagasaki) LP
8/8 Russia joined the war against Japan
8/15 JT Unconditional surrender (Potsdam Proclamation)
History: Post-WWII
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1945-52 Allied Occupation of Japan
1946 New Constitution (effective 3/3/47)
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1950 Korean War
1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty; US-Japan Security Pact
1956 Peace treaty with the Soviet Unions; Joined The United Nations
1964 Tokyo Olympic Games (1972 Sapporo Winter Olympic Games; 1998
Nagano Winter Olympic Games)
• 1965 Treaty with South Korea; Vietnam War
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1969 Reversion of Okinawa (effective in 1972)
• 1973 Oil Crisis
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80’s (Japan as No.1), Economic bubble
1989 Emperor Hirohito dies (End of Showa)
1993 Coalition Government
• 1996 Great Hanshin Earthquake
• 2002 Prime Minister Koizumi visited North Korea
Kidnapping by North Korea
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Japan’s occupation of Korea 1910-45
Korean War ended in 1953
Kidnapping during 60s-70s
North Koreans living in Japan
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Prime Minister Koizumi visited North Korea
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(Democratic People's Republic of Korea) on September 17,
2002 and May 22, 2004) to meet North Korean Leader
Kim Jong-Il)
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Kidnapping of at least 13 Japanese
Yasushi & Fukie Chimura, Kaoru & Yukiko Hasuike,
Hitomi Soga & Charles Jenkins
Soga and Jenkins
Hitomi SOGA
Returned in 2002
Kidnapped in August 1978 and married Sgt.
Charles Robert Jenkins while in North Korea.
She returned to Japan one month after the
summit.
Charles Robert Jenkins
Charged with desertion
Disappeared across the DMZ in January 1965
Married Japanese kidnap victim Hitomi Soga,
they have 2 daughters
He is planning to live the rest of his life in Japan
South Korea: Takeshima / Dokdo dispute
http://www.geocities.com/mlovmo/page4.html
http://www.pref.shimane.jp/section/takesima/eng/top.html
People’s Republic of China
Senkaku / Diaoyu islands dispute
Political relations with Korea & China
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Political relations with K & C have been strained due
to PM Koizumi’s visits to the Yasukuni Shrine
(honoring Japanese war dead).
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14 class A war criminals are among the 2.5 million
people enshrined at Yasukuni.
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The Japanese Constitution provides separation of
church and state, much like the U.S. Constitution.
Japan’s trade with China
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Japan's top trading partner for the first time in 2004
Japan's trade with China and Hong Kong, including
exports and imports, rose to a record ¥22.2 trillion
($213.2 billion), 20.1 % of Japan's total foreign trade,
in 2004
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Trade with the US - the ¥20.5 trillion ($194.5 billion)
in 2004
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More than 13 % of all Japanese exports are for
China.
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Japanese imports from China - 20.7 % of the
country's market.
Some concepts to understand the Society
Honne (real feeling) & Tatemae (what is supposed
to be) consideration to those who you care
Ie (House/family, duty to Ie), On (benevolence) , filial piety
, Giri vs. Ninjo, Uchi vs. Soto
Kao (face) losing one’s face; role, company position
creates face
Use of the go-between first introduction; conflict resolution
Decision making Ringi (nemawashi root
binding)……takes time
Entering a long relationship – the relationship is valued
Current Education System
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Compulsory education
• Elementary (6 years); Junior high school (3 yrs)
Textbooks (free), curriculum (decided by the Ministry of
Education, local board of education/school), Lesson
studies
Non-Compulsory education
• Kindergarten (cf. Daycare) LP
• High schools/vocational schools/colleges – 3, 5
years
• Comm. Colleges (2 yrs), Colleges (4 or 6 yrs)
Addition: Communication with the Japanese People
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Speak slowly and clearly no need to speak loudly
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Don’t use the first or nick names in rather formal
occasions and even informal occasions (the use of the
first name may be all right to the person who was
addressed to, but often not acceptable to others who are
in the same conversational domain – esp. business
contexts)
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Japanese “Yes” does not mean the same YES in
English - They are translating Japanese “hai”, which
is just promoting the conversational discourse (i.e., Yes,
I am listening,etc.)
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Don’t maintain steady eye contact while talking