Transcript ROMANIA - ETCF | EU-Turkey Chambers Forum

EU Enlargement – the case of
Romania
Magda R Tepoi,
Istambul, April, 16th, 2009
Magda R Tepoi, April 2009, Turkey
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EU Enlargement
Enlargement is one of the European Union most powerful
policy tools.It is a carefully managed process which helps the
trasformation of the countries involved, extending peace,
stability, prosperity, democracy, human rights ad the the rule
of law across Europe.
It began with the Inner Six, who founded the European Coal
and Steel Community (the EU's predecessor) in 1951. Since
then, the EU's membership has grown to twenty-seven with the
most recent expansion to Bulgaria and Romania in 2007.
There is more to come …Croatia and Turkey, Macedonia,
Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina….
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Snagov Declaration
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Romania signed its Europe Agreement in 1993
and submitted its official application for
membership in the EU in 1995, the third
country to do so after Hungary and Poland.
Along with its official EU application,
Romania submitted the “Snagov Declaration,”
signed by all fourteen political parties
declaring their full support for EU
membership.
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Benefits of EU Accession
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Removal of any obstacles in the trade with EU Member
States
Common trade policy with third countries
Harmonization of entire legislation, capital market
regulations, taxation, accounting rules => higher
transparency and simplification
Structural funds (33 billion euro till 2013)
Open gate for EU towards CIS, Asia, Middle East,
Northern Africa
Participation in major projects in the Black Sea Extended
Area and in the Central & Eastern European Region
Romania-important role in assuring the energy security for
Europe (major transit pipelines, energy production &
supply)
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10 indicators where Romania is
over the EU average
10 indicatori la care Romania depaseste
media U.E.
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10.Opt imism
9.Sperant a unui loc de munca
8.Credint a
7.Harnicie
6.Independent a energet ica
5.Int ensit at ea invest it iilor
4.Deficit buget ar redus
3.Dat orie publica redusa
2.Dinamism economic
1.Fort a umana
7
58
4
80
175
475
316
1 6 5 .5
21
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Indicatorul Romaniei raportat la indicatorul U.E., %
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Pre-accession assistance granted to Romania
by the EU
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1992-1999 amounted to approximately 1.2 billion euro
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2000-2003 Romania received approximately 660 million euro
per year, through the three pre-accession instruments: PHARE,
ISPA and SAPARD
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2004-2006 of up to 40% increase in 2006 (around 2.8 billion
euro)
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Absorption rate of pre-accession funds
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PHARE, ISPA and SAPARD
Beginning of March 2009, from the total of
5.679.000.000 euro for the period 2000-2007, have
been made contracts of 5.110.000.000 euro,
absorption rate 90%.
The payments for these contracts represents
3.469.000.000 euro, absorption rate 70%.
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Pre-accession and structural funds
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Phare - Stuctural Funds (European Regional Development
Fund (ERDF) and Social European Fund ESF)
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Sapard - European Agriculture Fund for Rural Development
(EAFRD) and The European Fishery Fund The EFF
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ISPA - European Cohesion Fund
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IPA Instrument for Pre-accession
Assistance
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From 2007 onwards EU is channeling its pre-accession funding through one single instrument called
IPAIPA’s aim is to be a bridge between external assistance and internal policies.
IPA objectives are the following:
Support Turkey in its bid for membership, including the necessary economic, political and social reforms
Help prepare the country for the management of structural funds.
As a consequence IPA also:
Readies Turkey for multi-annual planning
Supports Turkey in sound financial management of EU funds
IPA will provide countries seeking EU membership with a total amount of € 11.5 billion in the seven-year
term from 2007 onwards.
The preliminary EC draft budget for 2007 envisages that Turkey could get over € 2 billion for the
first four years of IPA (2007-2010)
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IPA’s five components are:
Transition Assistance and Institution Building – Component 1
Regional and Cross-Border Co-operation – Component 2
Regional Development – Component 3
Human Resources Development – Component 4
Rural Development – Component 5
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Structural Funds for Romania
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Romania will benefit of more than 30 billion Euro structural
and cohesion funds from the EU for the 2007-2013 period.
19.7 billion Euro under Convergence objective
13.3 billion Euro under Common Agricultural Policy
The structural funds are managed by the European
Commission and the goal is to finance the structural measures
from the community for helping regions with a delay in their
development, for reconversion of affected area's where there is
a industrial decline and to fight against long time
unemployment.
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Structural Funds for Romania
There are 4 types of structural funds. Each one handles specific domains and they have specific
aims.
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European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) - intended to reduce regional imbalance
and assist less favoured regions via local development (local development, create and
safeguard sustainable jobs and support SME's).
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European Social Fund (ESF) - focuses mainly on training and job creation, the reintegration
of the work force and the fight against unemployment. There is a specific topic: this funds
finances projects for training and assistance to hire people.
European Cohesion Fund contributes to very large infrastructure projects, such us the trans-European transport
networks (TEN-T) and large-scale investments in the environment sector.
In Romania, the investments from the structural funds will be complemented by the Common Agricultural
Policy funds. These are:
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The European Fishery Fund The EFF (2007-2013) will have a financial contribution to
adapt and to modernize this sector.
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FEADR = European Agriculture Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) will
finance the rural development measures and support agriculture (especially in the regions that
are under developed).
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Structural Funds for Romania
The National Development Plan (NDP) is a specific concept for the European
economic and social cohesion politics that provide a stable and coherent
concept for the development of the member states.
The first step to access the funds for Romania is the approval of the national
development plan. NDP 2007-2013 is a strategic planning and multi annual
financing document approved by the Romanian Government. The primary
objective of the Romanian NDP is to reduce the economical and social gap
between the members states and Romania as quickly as possible.
The global objectives are based on 3 specific objectives:
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To increase the competitiveness of the Romanian economy (long term)
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To develop the European standards for basic infrastructure
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To optimize the efficient use of the autochthon human capital
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14 domains that can be financed with structural funds and
cohesion funds from the EU
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Technical Research and Development
Informatization (ICT) of the society
Transport
Energy
Environmental protection and prevention of risks
Tourism
Culture
Urban and rural development
Support for SME's and entrepreneurs
Access to stable work places
Social inclusion for disfavoured persons
Development of the human capital and resources
Investments in social infrastructure including those in health and education
Promoting the development of partnerships
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Responsable authorities
The Ministry of Public Finance from Romania is the authority responsible for the coordination
of the national authorities in charge of the administration of the structural funds.
The operational programmes will be coordinated by the following national authorities:
Ministry of Economy and Trade: Increase of Economic Competitiveness
- Ministry of Transport, Construction and Tourism: Transport Infrastructure
- Ministry of Environment and Water Management: Environment Infrastructure
- Ministry of Labour, Social Solidarity and Family: Human Resources Development
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Rural Development: Agriculture and Rural Development
- Ministry of European Integration: Regional Development and European Territorial Cooperation
- Ministry of Public Finances: Technical Assistance
- Ministry of Administration and Interior: Administrative Capacity Development
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Sectoral Operational Programmes
2007 -2013
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Technical Assistance Operational Programme 0.9%
Sectoral Operational Programme (SOP) “Increase of
Economic Competitiveness” 13.3%
Sectoral Operational Programme for Environment 23.5%
(audited by the Commissionon on 16 Jan 2009)
Sectoral Operational Programme Transport (SOPT) 23.7%
Regional Operational Programme 19.4%
Operational Programme: Administrative Capacity
Development 1.1%
Sectoral Operational Programme- Human Resources
Development 18.1%
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Obstacles in the way of a better
use of Structural Funds
1. The in-efficiency of civil servants - almost 20.000 civil servants (> half in ministries, the other in county councils, prefectures,
town halls; in 2007 and 2008, Romania absorbed structural funds of 176 millions euro, but the civil servants from public
administration received 300 millions euro
a lot of consumtion, smqll investments)
2. Bureaucracy Almost all applicant guides are full of too many specific and technical terms
Business people should be concentrated on the business project not on understanding a complicated process
3. Lack of experience In certain situations for instance big contracts, which are international auctioned, the authorities try to
contract local experts or consultants to help or to train the permanent personal. The companies that participate to the auction
are looking for the cheapest not the best experts. This aspect make most of the times, that the projects that are going to
improve the performance of the people employed in the organisations that are responsible for the European fund to have a limited impact. The legal framework does not help at all those
who wants to make projects.
4. National obstacles
5. Time formalities
6. Errors in funds demanding Not only state institutions are responsible of the low level of
European Structural Funds absorption. (The OP -do not answer to a development vision we are aiming at and
do not indicate stong and distinctive directions of development; -rather seem to feel some gaps and refresh an exhausted
economy then to look after a deep srtuctural reform)
the mentality (CCI work)
pre-accession assistance especially Phare component helped us a lot in building the adm. capacity for structural funds. Over
30 handbooks and procedures required for managing and implementing structural assistance were made with the help of
foreign experts; and projesct preparation benefit from the support of the pre-accession assistance.
the way in which a program is running, the payment conditions are quite restrictive.
in the case of the private companies this kind of financing is accessible for those which could implement the project by their
own, with own resources or with credits, but with the help of European funds they will implementing faster.
this aspect should be explained very clearly. For this reason, there are still many companies that has very low profitability
and limited resources, who hope that they will make mirracols with the help of an European fund.
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Countries from the first wave and the use of
European Funds
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Structural funds use
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First year of membership
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Cehia* 41,5
Polonia* 42,8
Slovacia* 41,6
Ungaria* 42,9
absorbtion 0,18
0,19
0,24
0,38
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România 21,7 (2007)
contribution-0.36
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Challenges for a better use of
Structural Funds
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The maintain of an increasing economic growth over 5% yearly till
the Euro adoption
Building an effective administrative capacity in order to increase
the number of the eligible projects (training, change mentality, to
make a long term strategy)
(see the European Innovation Scoreboard 2006, Romania occupies the lowest position among the European countries in what
concerns the innovation capacity, and this fact represent a concern; tourism see Spain )
the OP do not answer to a development vision we are aiming at and do not indicate stong and distinctive directions
of development; -rather seem to feel some gaps and refresh an exhausted economy then to look after a deep
srtuctural reform
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The possibility for the general consolidated budget to generate co
financing of almost 1% yearly GDP, without the exceeding of 3%
of the fiscal deficit
The insurance of a proper level of co-financing both through
private sources and also credits
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Chambers of Commerce
Issues from Romanian businesses
(in the implementation of pre-accession funds)
1) Programme Administration
The financing programmes are managed at central level, by the
public administration, yet often responsibilities for
coordination – also as intermediaries –, management,
monitoring and reporting are separate and applied by different
institutions for different programmes, which makes funding
accession procedures both bureaucratic and difficult to
evaluate and monitor, as a whole.
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Chambers of Commerce
Issues from Romanian businesses
(in the implementation of pre-accession funds)
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2) Applying for Funds
The business community in Romania was often confronted with a number
of concrete problems in accessing community funding which do not differ
to European businesses:
 burdensome and bureaucratic procedures and documentation while
applying for funds
 too detailed reporting procedures, consuming an important amount
of time and resources
 a slow decision process that may lead to losing opportunities for
businesses
 the projects must be financed in advance and refunding is often
delayed of the actual payment
 approval competencies are raised at too high levels, losing sight of
the real needs in planning and running the businesses
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Chambers of Commerce
Issues from Romanian businesses
(in the implementation of pre-accession funds)
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general problems”, the business community the need for
training and education in drafting of projects and
financing mainly in view of preparing the use of
European funds (example CCRUNER VPN)
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insufficient consultancy in the field
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the credit market is underdeveloped which makes
difficult to ensure the required co-funding
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Regional Economic Development by Continuous
Entrepreneurs Improvement
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The main purpose of the project was to increase the regional economic development by:
improving the quality of the staff of Chambers in providing services of professional training
improving the quality of enterprises management specialists from the North-East Region in the following
fields:
assimilation of hi-technology novelties;
assimilation of good practicing and international commerce management;
applying the management of quality.
so that to be ensured the development of the local area business environment and integration of regional
business environment in European area.
In the first section of the project will be organized seminars of improvement regarding the staff of the
Chambers from the North-East Region, provided by European and Romanian specialists, in the following
fields:
foreign trade
TQM
e-sign
commercial arbitration
project management in international economic cooperation
European politics and strategy for SMEs
European economic legislation for international cooperation.
In the second section of the project, beneficiaries are the companies from the North-East Region willing to
expand their businesses across the borders, in EU.
The seminars have been organized in a Virtual Private Network system, in the following Romanian
counties: Iasi, Neamt, Suceava, Bacau and Botosani.
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Chambers of Commerce
Issues from Romanian businesses
(in the implementation of pre-accession funds)
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3) Market Failure and Displacement
Establishing the fields in which additional funding is necessary
is difficult to make unless businesses are dully consulted.
However analyses that are carried to this purpose, are often
based on incomplete or outdate information, while, between
the assessment period and the actual allocation of funds market
conditions may change.
To ensure a better allocation of funding, the chambers of
commerce and industry initiate a mechanism of regular
consultation with the business community on the real needs for
financing, through specialized public hearings, questionnaires
and a market surveillance mechanism
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Chambers of Commerce
Issues from Romanian businesses
(in the implementation of pre-accession funds)
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4) Administration of Funds
The cooperation between the public administration and the
chambers must be based on the understanding of the role that
chambers of commerce and industry play in supporting the
enterprises, their capacity to work in a structural, professional
network of centers for information, consultancy, representation
and coordination of the business community.
The chambers of commerce and industry make the necessary
efforts to create mechanisms and instruments for
communication, cooperation and partnership with the public
administration and NGOs that have responsibilities in regional
development issues.
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THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND
INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING THE REGIONAL POLICIES
and implementing the European Funding
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Lobbying and …advising national governments on
the formation of regional policies
The chambers of commerce and industry from Romania (CCIT) participate in
regional programming, within the mechanism of elaboration in partnership of the
multi-annual Regional Development Plans.
The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania and Bucharest
Municipality (CCIRB) was a member of the National Transparency Committee
for Monitoring the Community Funds.
CCIRB participates to the social dialogue, both at national level (as a permanent
guest, in the Economic and Social Council and the Social Dialogue Committees
of the economic ministries) and at local level – Social Dialogue Committees of
the counties Prefectures.
CCIRB participates to the Consultative Council for the Negociation of
Romania’s Accession to the EU and the Working Groups, on negociation
chapters, established within the Council.
EPE bringing companies closer to Lisbon agenda (the movie)
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Some facts & figures on EPE companies
INVOLVEMENT OF EU INSTITUTIONS
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EU political representatives involved in national
programmes & EPE(11programmes received):
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Members of the European Parliament: Approx.
115
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European Commission: 7 EU commissioners
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Other representatives from EU institutions
(Commission’s DGs, EESC, etc.): Approx. 35
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740 MePs have received an information letter on
the companies’vote
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THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND
INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING THE REGIONAL POLICIES and
implementing the European Funding
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Representing businesses on regional partnership
groups
In Romania, the chambers of commerce and industry were nominated as
members in the Regional Development Councils (having responsibilities
in: programming and implementation of the regional development
policies; aproval of the regional programming documents; monitoring of
the funds use).
In the meantime Chambers of Commerce and Industry in Romania
closely cooperate with the Regional Development Agencies (NGOs set
up as “executive” entities of the Regional Development Councils, for the
elaboration and implementation of the programming documents;
implementation of the regional development programmes; technical
monitoring of the funds use)
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THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND
INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING THE REGIONAL POLICIES and
implementing the European Funding
•
Carrying out of regional policy and implementing
local initiatives for the benefit of the area
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CCIRB and the local chambers of commerce and industry participate to the
organization of networks of centers for information and consulting, in
cooperation with the National Agency for SMEs and Cooperation, Minister of
Environment and local public administration.
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Romanian Business School of the Chambers of Commerce and Industry
participates to a series of projects, mostly with European funding in the field of
education for businesses, entrepreneurship and continuous vocational training.
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Very important is the training for EPSO (European Selection Personal Office)
competition for those who wants to become public servants in European
Institutions.
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THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND
INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING THE REGIONAL POLICIES and
implementing the European Funding
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Advising businesses on the access to funds and
projects
Chambers of Commerce and Industry trains specialists and sets up
information and consultancy structures for entrepreneurs, in projects
evaluation and applying for pre-accession funding
Through the programs initiated by Eurochambres (CAPE I, CAPE II and
CAPE III) local Chambers of Commerce and Industry in Romania have
been given assisstance and training in order to better advise their
members on EU matters.
Through the Euro Info Centres network chambers of commerce and
industry in Romania contribute to the readiness of businesses for EU
integration, with information and advice on the acquis communautaire
issues, Internal Market, explaining of community mechanisms and
policies.
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Romania’s Geo-strategic Position
Area
Population
238,391 km2
92,043 sq mi.
the 9th in EU
21.7 mill
inhabitants
the 7th in EU
Capital city
Member of
Our friend the wind
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Bucharest
1.9 mill inh
EU, WTO,
IMF, WB,
NATO
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Romania’s Strategic Location
IV
Pan European
Transport Corridors
Dresden/Nuremberg Bucharest
Constanta/Thessaloniki/
Istanbul
The Danube river
VII
2,300 km long
Helsinki – Kiev IX Bucharest –
Odessa/Alexandropoulos
The Eastern border of the
inland European Union
Strategic position at the
turning point where EU meets
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Magda R Tepoi, April 2009, Turkey
the Balkans and CIS countries
Competitive Taxation
Romania
Hungary
Corporate
Tax
16%
16%
480 euro
Slovakia
Poland
Estonia
19%
19%
20 %
135 euro
Croatia
Slovenia
20.32%
25%
FLAT TAX
16%
VAT
SOCIAL
SECURITY
AVERAGE
GROSS WAGE
(2008)
MINIMUM
GROSS WAGE
(2008)
19%
43.5%
39.5% by the
end of 2008
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Country
Czech
Rep.
28%
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Macroeconomic Performance
GDP real growth
8.4%
5.7%
8.6%
7.7%
6.1%
5.1% 5.2%
4.1%
2.1%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Source:
National Institute of Statistics
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2006
2007
2008
H1
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Macroeconomic Performance
Inflation rate
40.7%
30.3%
17.8%
14.1%
2000
2001
2002
2003
9.3%
8.6%
2004
2005
Magda R Tepoi, April 2009, Turkey
Source: National Bank of Romania
4.86%
2006
6.5%
7.5%
2007
2008 e
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Macroeconomic Performance
Unemployment rate
11.8
12
10.4
9.5
10
10.5
8.8
8.9
6.6
8.1
7
8
%
6.2
5.5 5.2
6
5
4.2
4
2
0
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
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2005
2007
2008e
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Foreign direct investments
- million Euro 9100
8000
5197
4750
4098
MagdaNational
R Tepoi, Bank
April 2009,
Turkey
Source:
of Romania
H1
)
20
08
(
20
07
20
06
20
05
20
04
1627
20
03
1212
20
02
20
01
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000 1294
1000
0
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Foreign Investors Advantages
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foreign investments allowed in all sectors of economy
possibility to freely manage the company with full
ownership rights
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full repatriation of capital and profits
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protection against expropriation and nationalization
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national treatment for foreign investors
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Main trade partners
- 2007 Top export partner countries
Top import partner countries
percentage of total export
percentage of total import
Italy
18,10
Germany
17,25
Germany
16,95
Italy
13,72
France
7,64
Hungary
6,75
Turkey
7,12
France
6.48
Hungary
5,34
Russian Federation
6,30
Great Britain
4.36
Turkey
5,78
Bulgaria
2.67
Austria
4,67
Austria
2.66
Holland
3.52
Spain
2.27
Poland
3.28
Poland
2.18
China
2,83
SUA
2.09
Czech Rep.
2.34
Holland
2,06
Spain
2.07
Greece
1.76
Belgium
1,93
Belgium
Ukraine
Magda R Tepoi, April 2009, Turkey
1.60
1.54
Great Britain
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1,92
Top reasons to invest in Romania (1)
Market & Location Advantage :
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Second largest market in Central and Eastern Europe (over
21 million inhabitants)
Easy access to the countries of the former CIS countries,
Balkans, the Middle East and Northern Africa
Junction of three prospective European transportation
corridors nos. 4, 7 & 9
Resource Advantage:
Skilled labor force, with solid knowledge in technology, IT
and engineering
Rich natural resources, including fertile agricultural land,
oil and gas
Important potential for tourism
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Top reasons to invest in Romania (2)
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Economic Advantage
Sustainable economic growth
Functional Market Economy status
Competitive tax policy
Decreasing inflation
Permanent financial assistance for SME's Development
Structural funds
Improving Infrastructure Advantage
Well-developed networks of mobile telecommunications in
GSM systems
Branch offices and representatives of well-known
international banks
Commitment to improve the highway infrastructure to EU
standards
Extensive maritime and river navigation facilities
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Map of Industrial Parks
More than 40
Industrial Parks
Both private &
public
Greenfield &
Brownfield
Access to utilities
Package of services
offered by the park
administration
Wide variety of
activities to be
developed
Some created for
high-tech activities
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Potential Sectors for Investment
o
o
o
o
o
Manufacturing
Automotive parts
IT & Communication
Electric & Electronics
Wood processing
o
o
o
o
o
Construction materials
Textile
Food processing
Infrastructure
Outsourcing and
logistics
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Automotive Industry Opportunities
Experience in the field of car makers
Automotive component parts – rapidly growing sector:
currently over 175 major manufacturers
Availability of labor force
• Labor cost: monthly average salary approx. Euro 250-300;
• Total number employed: 600.000;
Trained work force
• 7 colleges in vehicle technology – 500 graduates each year;
• 25 colleges in mechanical engineering – 1.000 graduates /
year;
Availability of suppliers and subcontractors
Presence of R&D centers
Successful investment stories in the field
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Automotive top-tier investors
2006
New projects
1 bill € investment
A gear boxes facility 217 mill € of
1.6 bill € turnover
12 thou employees Renault-Nissan Alliance
A R&D Centre "Renault Tehnologie
2007
230.500 cars sold Roumanie" – 456 mill € - 2012
Ford took over the state-owned shares of Automobile
Craiova (72.4 %) for €57 million, and pledged to invest €675
mill to modernize the factory and increase the number of
employees
Ford is awaiting for the results of the EC investigation on
the Romanian government helping the takeover
Automotive component parts sector
the fastest growing sector in Romania;
5.8 bill € investment inflows to increase up to 9-10 bill until 2010;
Huge presence of international top-tier players: TYRES (Michelin, Pirelli,
Continental); WIRES (Yazaki, SEWS, Leoni, Lear, Valeo, Delphi); BEARINGS (SNR,
45
Magda R Tepoi, April 2009, Turkey
Ina Schaeffler, Koyo), SOFTWARE (Siemens VDO); SEATS (Johnson Controls), etc.
Romanian ITC Industry Trends
High density of Romanian IT specialists (five times
higher than in Russia, and seven times than in India).
Romanian Olympic students are usually placed in top 4
with China, US and Russia.
In Microsoft the second spoken language is Romanian;
Low brain drain phenomenon in Romania;
IT sector is constantly growing;
Major multinational IT companies such as Microsoft, HP,
Oracle, Cisco, Intel and Motorola are present in Romania many of them use Romania as regional headquarters.
Magda R Tepoi, April 2009, Turkey
46
A Top European Location for product R&D,
outsourcing, customer service and BPO
In 2006 Microsoft
opened a Global
Technical Support
Center creating
around 700 jobs
One GE group
companies
established an IT
outsourcing, financial
services and supply
chain BPO
HP set up a BPO in
Bucharest for
financial and
administrative
services, dedicated
to EMEA region up to 1200
employees
In 2006 WIPRO
decided to set up a
BPO center in
Bucharest for IT
services covering the
East European market
- 700 employees
Ericsson opened in
Romania, in July this
year, a New Global
Service Delivery
Center - 70% of the
employees will be
young
graduates
Magda R Tepoi,
April 2009, Turkey
BPO aiming to offer
outsourcing
services in HR,
finance and
procurement to
work
47
Availability of Human Capital
Demographics
Young population (more than
55% is under the age of 40 and
37% is between 25 and 49 years
old)
Almost 21.7 million people
Talent pool
104 higher education institutions
112 thou university graduates
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants
Availability of technical engineers
more than 1,000,000 inhabitants
300,000 – 400,000 inhabitants
High industrial experience
200,000 – 300,000 inhabitants
Flexibility
48
Magda R Tepoi, April 2009,
Turkey
100,000 – 200,000 inhabitants
Source: National Institute of Statistics
Valuable Human Potential
high performances in international
competitions
high percentage of technically
competent professionals (23% are
engineering graduates out of 720
students enrolled)
highest growth rate of IT specialists
in the region (Annually 7000
university graduates in the software
field & More then 3.000 students in
105 local Cisco academies)
University graduates in Romania
(by education field)
Education
31%
Arts
2%
Law
9%
Engineering
23%
Economy
30%
Medicine
5%
Source: National Institute of Statistics
strong language skills (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish,
Russian, etc.)
R Tepoi, April 2009, Turkey
large skilled labor force at Magda
comparatively
low wage rates
49