By: Michael Teague

Terminology Evolution Farm Shop Ag. Shop Ag. Mechanics Ag. Mech Technical Systems Mechanics in agriculture freed the American people from spending the bulk of the day in securing food. Which led to high quality of life, we enjoy from cheap and abundant food supply.

The purpose of Agricultural Mechanics Is to serve another field of agriculture.

Such As  Meat production  Fiber production  Forestry  Turf & grass management  Fruit production Ag. Mechanics its self does not produce anything in its self.

What one topic or skill do you think of, when you think of Agricultural Mechanic? Ag. Mech. is the most in depth subject in the ag. curriculum, covering 1) Electrical Motors, 2) Electrical Circuits 3) Wood and Metal Structures, 4) Concrete 5)Masonry, 6) Plumbing 7) Welding and cutting, 8) Tractors 9) Small Gas Engines, 10) Farm Machinery 11)Cold Metal Work, 12) Electrical Sensing Controls and Devices 13) Soil Drainage and Irrigation, 14) Waste Management 15)Differential and Profile Leveling,

Safety Colors 1. Red= Danger, Fire extinguishers and exits are marked red 2. Orange= Warning, Moving parts on a machine are marked orange.

3. Yellow= Caution, Operating levers and conltrols are marked yellow 4. Green- marks safety equipment, such as first aid box. Shop rules are made to protect  Equipment  You

*A Clean shop is a safe shop* Improper Shop Behavior



Running



Being Idle



Playing with tool



Rushing on a project

Personal Protection 1. Eyes- requires safety glasses and or shading for welding and cutting.

2. Clothing- *non-frayed cotton *long pants *closed toed shoe *gloves and long sleeved shirt for welding and cutting 3. Ventilation

Fire Safety



Gasoline is not a safe solvent for cleaning tools, equipment, or hands.

Fire Extinguisher Types A= wood and paper fires B= liquids and grease C= electrical

Fire Extinguishing 1. Clear out- if needed 2. Send for teacher 3. Put Fire Out

Other Safety Concerns

 Report all injuries  Compressed air can damage eyes and ears  Unlplug before adjusting or changing blades on power tools  Pull, don’t push on a wrench  Support objects on jacks with stands or blocks  Cheater pipes can break tools and equipment  Touch steel lightly, don’t grab to prevent burns  Projects should be “user friendly” remove burrs and rough edges

Plans Dimensions Length Height Width View Dimesions

*Top

Length Width

*Side

Height Length

*End

Height Width

Wood Working Tools Curved Claw Hammer= for driving and pulling nails. 13 to 20 oz. “ounce” weights. 16 oz most popular. Face may be rounded for finish work.

Straight Claw Hammer

“Ripping Hammer= claw used for dismantling. 16 to 28 oz. weights Mallet= has a rawhide, plastic, or rubber head to protect against damage to object

Wrecking Bar= used for pulling nails and prying boards.

Wood Working Tools Crow bar = used to pry timber, machinery. 4 to 5 feet long Pry Bar= shorter than Crow bar, has curved end.

Wood Working Tools Hand Plane= shaves wood. Jack plane (shown) most popular.

Teeth Per Inch “tpi”= the fewer tpi, the faster and rougher the cut.

Hand Saws= may be cross cut (against the grain) held at 45 degrees to the work, or ripping (with the grain) held at 60 degrees to the work. Ripping will have fewer tpi than crosscut. Keyhole or Compass Saw= cuts holes in wood for electric boxes and such. Hole normally started with a drill bit.

Wood Working Tools Coping Saw= used on thin wood. Cuts on the pull stroke

Wood Chisel= used for lap, dado, mortise&tenon joints.

Wood Working Tools

Wood Working Tools

Wood Working Tools

Wood Working Tools Brace and Bit= used to drill holes. Will have a square tang on the shank

Spade bit

Auger bit= reverse bit when feed screw exits hole, to prevent splintering

Lumber Classifications 1. Soft Wood= pine, cedar, fir “white wood”, soft wood is used in most all ag. projects.

Grades of soft wood Select Grades- A,B,C,D, few defects Common Grades- 1,2,3,4, with #2 most popular in the lumber yard. The lower the grade, the more defects. 2. Hard Wood= oak, walnut, hickory, mainly use in quality furniture.

Lumber Defects *Splits, *Knotts tight and loose, *Wane Plywood Type Materials 1) Plywood and Sheathing = veneers (layers) of wood glued at right angles. Common size is 4’ X8’. 2) Oriented Strand Board (OSB) “Wafer Board”= flakes of wood glued together. Can be used as sheathing.

3) Particle Board= sawdust glued together. Will not bow or warp like plywood. Easily water damaged.

4) Medium Density Fiber Board (MDF)= Made of waste material, heavy, used in cabinetry.

Grades of Plywood A= best appearance, fewer defects B C D= poor appearance, more and larger defects A sheet of CD grade plywood has one exterior veneer of grade C and the other exerior veneer of grade D. Dressed lumber will not measure to its nominal size.

Examples: 1X4 measure ¾” thick by 3 ½” wide.

2X6 measures 1 ½” thick by 5 ½” wide. Units of Measurement  Running or Linear foot  Square foot  Square= one hundred square feet  Cubic Yard= 27 cubic feet  Board foot= displaces 144 sq. inches Board Foot Formula= #pieces X thickness X width X length in feet 12

Common Tools Open End Adjustable Wrench “Crescent Wrench”= pressure must not be made on moveable jaw. Chain Wrench= for pipe or odd shapes.

Box Wrench Combination End Wrench Open End Wrench= each end is a different size.

Common Tools Ratchet Handle Extension Deep Socket 6 Point Socket 12 Point Socket= thin wall, may round bolt head.

Common Tools Locking Pliers “Vise Grips” “Vise Grip C Clamp” Diagonal Pliers “a pair of dykes”= for electrical work Slip Joint Pliers= can turn and cut.

Common Tools Needle Nose Pliers Linemans Pliers= electrical work Pipe Cutter Pipe Wrench

Nut Driver Common Tools Tongue and Groove Pliers “Channel Locks” Slotted Screw Driver= not to be used as a chisel or a prying tool.

Phillips Screw Driver

Screw driver bit= Phillips sizes are 1,2, and 3.

3 is the largest, but #2 is most common. Common Tools Torx Screw Driver= has high torque capabilities. Pipe Clamp C Clamp

Fasteners Nails are sized by the penny “d”, a term which came from England. A 2 penny nail is 1”, each penny through 10d adds ¼”. After 12d sizing become irregular. Common Nails

Fasteners Nail Types 1. Common 2. Box= has a reduced diameter, to reduce splitting.

3. Finishing= small heads, which can be recessed below the surface.

4. Roofing= large head to hold roofing material.

5. Duplex-Head “Concrete nail”= two heads, for ease of removal from concrete forms.

6. Pole Barn= may be ring shanked or spiral shanked. Once driven they are difficult to remove. Finishing Nail Duplex Nails

Fasteners

Fasteners Types of Screws 1) Wood Screw 2) Deck Screw 4) Lag Screw= used in concrete and lumber.

3) R-Panel Scew Lag Anchor= used with a lag screw in concrete.

Fasteners Pilot Hole= a small hole made into the wood before a screw, to keep the wood from splitting out. Bolts have nuts, screw do not. Types of Bolts 1. Machine= Normally referred to as “bolt”.

2. Carriage= for wood work.

3. Plow= smooth head, found on moldboards and other plows. Bolt with lock nut

Fasteners Carriage Bolts Plow Bolts Bolt Grades  2= often called a “soft bolt” or “shear bolt”. Used in wood work. Found in lumber yards. Smooth head.

 5= heat treated. Used to bolt metals. Three marks on the head. May be called a hard bolt.

 8= strongest bolt. Six marks on the head.

 Metric grades= enough said.

Fasteners Grade #2 Bolt Grade #5 Bolts Note: Coarse Thread Machinery such as PHD and mowers may have grade #2 shear bolts.

Fasteners Grade #8 Bolt. Note: Fine Thread Metric= note numbers on head

Fasteners Nuts  Hex= most common  Castle= has slots for a cotter pin.

 Wing= for hand tightening.

 Lock= keeps nut from backing off. May be a plastic insert type or of the deformed thread type Hex Nut Castle Nuts Wing Nut

Fasteners Types of Washers  Flat= used to keep the nut from “digging in” or “falling in”.

 Lock= keeps the nut from backing off. Installation order 1 st flat washer, 2 nd lock washer, 3 rd nut.

Flat Washer Lock Washer

Fasteners Cotter Pin Hair Pin Nail used as a cotter pin Lynch or Clip Pin

Measuring and Layout Tools Types of Squares I.

Framing or Carpenter’s= 24” X 16” , may have tables on the tongue and blade.

II. Try III. Speed= can mark rafters. Popular.

IV. Combo= has a level. Framing Square Try Square Combo Square Speed Square

Measuring and Layout Tools Types of Levels  Two Foot and Four Foot  Torpedo= short and handy  Line= attaches to string, used in fencing.

Level Used horizontally it is called Leveling, used vertically it is called Plumbing! Torpedo Level Line Level

Measuring and Layout Tools Chalk Box= used to pop a straight chaulk line.

Scratch Awl= used to mark metals Soapstone= used to mark metals Plumb Bob= determines straight down.

Metal Working Types of Metals 1. Cast Iron= brittle, wear resistant. Found in engine blocks, and cookware.

2. Wrought Iron= soft, malleable. Found in horse shoes and burglar bars.

3. Mild Steel “low carbon steel”= Easy to cut, weld, grind. The majority of the steel in the shop.

4. Medium Carbon Steel= Stronger than mild steel. More dificult to work with. Found in hammer heads, machinery parts.

5. Tool Steel “high carbon steel”= Very hard. Used in tools to cut metal.

6. Alloy Steel= Chromium, nickel or tungsten is added to add certain characteristics, like rust resistance. There is an inverse relationship between strength and malleability in steels. As strength goes up malleability goes down.

Non-Ferrous Metals 1) Aluminum 2) Copper 3) Brass

Metal Working Hammers 1) Ball Pein= the “curved claw hammer” of the metal brotherhood.

2) Cross Pein Sledge or Blacksmith’s Hammer= used in forming hot metal.

3) Dead Blow= has no rebound when struck.

4) Engineer’s= resembles a short little sledge hammer.

5) Sledge Ball Pein Hammer Cross Pein Sledge Dead Blow Hammer

Metal Working Engineer’s Hammer Sledge Hammer File Cuts  Single= rows of teeth set at one angle.

 Double= two rows of teeth set at two angles.

Grades of File Coarseness  Bastard= large teeth, coarse cut, fast working.

 Second= medium teeth.

 Smooth= small teeth, fine cut, slow working. The pointy end on a file is called a tang, it should have a handle on it.

Metal Working File Handle Rasp Center Punch= used to indent metal, to keep a drill bit from walking.

Metal Working

Metal Working Twist Drill Bits  Are used to drill steel and other materials.

  A lack of oil, too much speed, and too much down pressure are 3 things that can dull a drill bit. The larger the bit, the slower it should turn.

 The cutting part of a drill is called the Lip. Twist Drill Modern twist drill bit are stamped “HS” for high speed and are designed to travel at 60 ft. per minute.

? How many rpms revolutions per minute should a ½” bit turn?

C=3.1416xdiameter circumference = 1.5708” 60 fpm and C=1.5708”, must make both either ft. or inches. Lets do inches.

60 fpm X 12 = 720 ipm, Metal Working Now we have inches and inches: 720 ipm and C=1.5708” If one revolution =1.5708”, divide 1.5708 into 720 for rpm. 720 by 1.5708= 458 rpm. The drill press should be set to this speed.

Structural Steel Shapes 1) Angle Iron= L shaped. Example size: 1X1-1/8 2) Channel Iron= C shaped. Ex. Size: 6X2, 8.20 pound per ft.

3) I Beam Wide Flange= I shaped. Ex. Size: 8X4, 10# per ft.

4) Rod= can be cold roll or hot roll, shape. Ex. Size: 9/16 5) Flate Iron, Strip, Bar, Strapping= shape. Ex. Size 1/4X2 6) Plate= thicker than sheet, measured by the fractional inch. Ex. Size ¼”-4’x8’ 7) Sheet= thinner than plate, measured by the gauge size. Ex. Size 16 ga. 4’X8’ 8) Pipe= shaped. Measured by its nominal “ID” inside dimesion. Comes in 21’ lengths. Has different wall thickness, “schedule 40” is popular. Ex. Size: ½”.

Ex. Size: 2 3/8”.

Metal Working 9) Drill Stem= is oil field pipe, about 31’ long, measured by its O.D. 10) Square Tubing= shape. Length is 24’. Thickness may be fractional or gauge. Ex. Size: 16ga. 1” Tapping is cutting female threads in a hole, threading is cutting male threads on rod or pipe. Both are examples of cold metal work. o Die= tool to cut male threads. Die stock holds the die for turning.

o Tap= tool to cut female threads. Tap wrench hold the tap for turning Three Common Threads  National Coarse “NC”= most common in ag. situations.

  National Fine “NF”= Can handle more torque, threads more easily stripped.

National Pipe Thread “NPT”= used on pipe, thread taper for a tight fit.

Metal Working Plug Tap Die 3 Kinds of Taps  Plug= for daylight holes  Taper= follows plug in blind holes  Bottoming= follows taper in blind holes. Blind holes do not go through.

Ease Out= used to remove broken bolts.

Cold Chisel= used with a ball pein hammer to cut metal.

Metal Working Hacksaw= teeth face forward, cutting is done on forward stroke. The thicker the material the fewer TPI. Also used to cut PVC pipe.

Aviation Snips Both are use to cut thin gauge metal.

Tin Snips

Types of Springs  Tension= extended  Compression= compressed  Torsion= twisted Hardware Torsion Compression Tension Grease Zert, Alemite Fitting, Grease Nipple

Paint Paint Bases 1. Oil= cleans up with thinner 2. Water= cleans up with water Paints may be interior or exterior .

The most expensive paint is the cheapest.

Paint