Transcript INTRODUCTION TO ASYMMETRIC WARFARE 4TH GENERATION WARFARE

Introduction To
Asymmetric Warfare (AW),
4th Generation Warfare (4GW)
And
Maneuver Warfare (MW)
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Credits
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Be advised- all information contained in this brief are not my original thoughts, with exception of some
opinions. The concepts you are being introduced to are derived from years worth of work from
myriads of people and organizations. The people whose work you see before you are all noted on
slide 43 titled “Sources”. Those not listed on the sources page, but who have helped provide insight
via emails or their books, are William Lind, author of the Maneuver Warfare Handbook” and
GySgt/LtCol John Poole, USMC, retired author of “One More Bridge to Cross” and “Phantom Soldier”
http://members.Aol.Com/posteritypress. Another worthwhile read is Spirit, Blood and Treasure edited
by Major Donald Vandergriff, USA.
This brief has been put together without profit or gain, but has been put together to ensure the word of
today's threat and concepts of maneuver warfare, to counter today's threats, to get out to all those
fighting for our country in any capacity.
Any mistakes or errors in this brief are mine.
Most important is that I want to thank several key individuals who have been mentoring me through
the years via website, emails, etc…. They are Colonel G.I. Wilson USMC retired, Mr Chuck Spinney,
Major Chris Yunker, USMC, retired, Dr Chet Richards, Col USAFR (ret.).
I also want to thank Major Kristan Wheaton USA, Major Anthony Milavic USMC retired, and Mr. Rich
Forno and his assistants of www.Inforwarrior.Org for the g2-fwd list serve which has provided me a
wealth of information, assistance in real world operational planning, and learning for the past several
years.
Semper fidelis all, Gunnery Sergeant Wiley Bob Howard USMC
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Objectives
• Provide a basic orientation to AW, 4GW
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and MW.
This orientation is to serve several
purposes:
• First, identify current & future threats our
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Marines can expect to engage in combat.
Last, provide the Marine a direction on how
to effectively engage these threats by
introducing the Marine to maneuver
warfare.
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Asymmetric Warfare (AW)
Sources:
http://www.picsearch.com
http://www.cs.cas.cz/ hakl/ Art_Galery/ Caravaggio_Michelangelo, _1573-1610
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Asymmetric Warfare (AW)
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What is it?
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David and Goliath warfare
• Unsophisticated vs the sophisticated (technologically)
• Poor countries or entities against rich countries or rich entities
• Threat can be internal or external (i.e. Israel, Vietnam or Afghanistan)
Often state sponsored/supported
Attacking opponent via indirect means such as
• Terrorism
• Critical infrastructures
• Avoids combat w/ conventional forces
• Tends to have a purpose that focuses on a force, but not always the case
• Misc. unconventional means i.e., poisoning water/food supplies, exploitation of
media by staging scenes to sway public opinion.
• Examples? Vietnam, Hannibal, a-bomb, War & Peace tactics (Tolstoy), computer
hackers, deception tactics (i.e. Serb/Iraqi decoys against coalition aircraft); use of
children to kill soldiers (Sergeant 1st Class Nathan Ross Chapman, 1st SFG(a),
assigned to 5th SFG(a)) SFC Chapman was KIA 4 JAN 2002 while on patrol near
Khost by a 14-year-old boy; other examples of child soldiers are Colombia &
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Vietnam.
Asymmetric Warfare (AW)
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Why so dangerous to our country?
• Our over-reliance on technology
• Our open society & our belief that the US is impervious to a foreign attack.
“Complacency kills”
• Can hit anytime, anywhere, anything
• Our greed or failing moral character; legal & illegal businesses turning the blind
eye to activities that could harm the security of the US i.e., immigrant smuggling,
drug dealing, money laundering, illegal selling of technologies and equipment.
• Uneducated advisors to senior government officials, or the officials themselves,
who deploy forces w/out long-term considerations. Forces deployed for
perceived “quick fix” ops forces become isolated from the local populace over a
period of time, eventually becoming a soft target because of the force being
perceived as an occupation force vice a helping hand. Examples: US forces in
Vietnam; Somalia; Soviet forces in Afghanistan (although actually an occupying
force, the Soviets are an example of what can happen to a force operating
without clear objectives on foreign soil over an extended period of time); potential
exists for forces stretched out all over the current Balkans region i.e. Bosnia,
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Kosovo and Macedonia.
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Generation Warfare (4GW)
Source: http://www.stopislam.com
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4th Generation Warfare (4GW)
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Formless and most deadly kind of war
4GW ops are intelligence driven (i.e. WTC attack; China’s
hacker attacks on US.) Countering the threat requires an
intensive intelligence effort to drive counter-4GW ops.
Requires constant preparation and resourcefulness
Distinguishing a combatant from a combatant can be
extremely difficult (i.e. use of mosques or churches to plan
terrorist attacks - Levant/Asia; refugees/displaced persons
infiltrated w/ agent provocateurs - Balkans; exploitation of
fragmented cultures w/in a country for purposes of breaking
down a society - al-Qa’ida vs US; exploitation of rules of
engagement as in Somalia.)
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4th Generation Warfare (4GW)
“Fourth generation war will require much more intelligence
gathering, analysis, and a greater dissemination capability to
serve a highly flexible, interagency command system. At the
same time, the fact that fourth generation war will include
elements of earlier generations of war means our forces must be
prepared to deal with these aspects as well … therefore, it will be
essential for leaders to make an accurate analysis of the war they
are about to enter. The complex mix of generations of war with
their overlapping political, economic, social, military, and mass
media arenas makes determining the type of war we are entering
more critical than ever”. Col T.X. Hammes, USMC, "The Evolution
of War: The Fourth Generation,"
http://www.d-n-i.net/fcs/hammes.htm
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4th Generation Warfare (4GW)
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What is it?
• Stateless, or can be state, supported warfare w/ possible
interstate spillover
• Hides behind religion/ideologies
Examples? WTC, anthrax attack, FRY, US vs. Iraq
Why dangerous?
• Current us forces designed to fight against a nation state
• Our over-reliance on technology
• War and transnational crime intertwined - hard to see
enemy (gangs, mercenaries, narco-traffickers, religious
extremists, rogue states, and mafias)
• Can hit anytime, anywhere, anything and anyone
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Sources Of AW And 4GW
Conflict
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Lack of resources
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Growing population (4 billion early 70s; now 6 billion)
Lack of water
Lack of arable land
Lack of food
Lack of land
Lack of minerals
Information/technology i.e. China
• Examples of all the above Israel, Syria, Jordan, Haiti, Africa and
Afghanistan. Haves and have-nots
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Especially multi-ethnic areas i.e. Liberia, Rwanda, former
Yugoslavia and Somalia.
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Nepotism - clans taking care of their own
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Sources Of AW And 4GW
Conflict (Continued)
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Fragmentation - large nation breaking down into smaller states.
Integration - global networking in terms of international commerce,
communications, and production of goods. “Blurred distinction of
war and peace”
• I.e. WTC, anthrax attack.
“Technology’s role - The technologies which support globalization of
commerce are recognized and exploited by 4GW actors.
• WWW and global financial networks have established “lines of
communication” for export of western culture and free markets.
• 4GW actors with a little funding can use these LOCs as avenues of
advance/attack.” (By Major C. Yunker USMC)
• Exploitation of web sites that contain sensitive unclassified information.
Exploitation of web sites that contain classified information, but posted
on the Internet because of a strong belief in the freedom of information
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act (FOIA.) Examples are not cited for security reasons.
Sources Of AW And 4GW
Conflict (Continued)
• Exploitation/distortion of religion to
create a united front i.e. al-Qa’ida’s
jihad vs. US; Former Yugoslavia.
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Tactics Of AW / 4GW
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Ethnic cleansing
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World trade center
Human shields
Attacking C4I networks
Exploitation of rules of engagement (ROEs)/laws of war (LOW)
Exploitation of US laws/US Constitution and lack of laws to fight the
current global war on terrorism (GWOT) i.e. John Walker Lindh & Jose
Padilla & the presses abused right to freedom of speech (see notes
below).
Employment of WMD
Exploitation of humanitarian relief orgs i.e. Red Crescent, CAIR, etc…
Flooding refugees into neighboring countries (regional instability)
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Objectives Of AW / 4GW
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“Objectives of 4GW - varies, but includes:
ideological objectives (i.e. Islam, neo-Nazis)
destabilize state by force for gain (i.e. drug
cartels)” — Major Chris Yunker, USMC
• Can be revolutionary (complete overthrow or breakdown
of a government)
• Can be sub-revolutionary (changing portions of a
government to suit the groups objectives)
• Political objectives (IRA)
• Cultural/ethnic objectives (Kosovo)
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Maneuver Warfare (MW)
The Way To Fight Back
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Maneuver Warfare (MW)
• What is it?
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“A warfighting philosophy that seeks to shatter the enemy’s
cohesion through a series of rapid, violent and unexpected actions
which create a turbulent and rapidly deteriorating situation which he
cannot cope.” FMFM1, Warfighting
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Emphasis is focused to destroy the enemy morally vice just w/in the
physical and mental realm.
“The moral is to the material as three to one” - Napoleon.
Thorough understanding and employment of mw concepts. USMC
MW concepts provide all marines a basic foundation to plan and
execute MW ops. MW concepts will naturally cause the friendly
force to produce a rapid decision cycle, which when employed, will
help crush the enemy aggressively, rapidly and with extreme
prejudice.
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Maneuver Warfare (MW)
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Key MW concepts in accordance w/ USMC
doctrine
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Create fog/friction for the enemy
Fluidity/disorder
• Fog/friction - rapidly changing environment
(confusion/fog) causes friction by making the easy
difficult.
– Ex. Taking a hill under fire from multiple directions.
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In MW, fire supports maneuver
Tempo is a weapon
• Surprise, boldness/initiative/violence, speed, stealth &
agility
• Key to gaining the initiative
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Maneuver Warfare (MW)
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Key MW concepts in accordance w/ USMC doctrine (continued)
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Decentralized command & control (C2)
• Commander’s intent - commander’s end state as to what he wants done to the
enemy. Must be known two levels up. Keeps higher, adjacent and sub elements in
sync. Intent can be same as mission for platoon & below
• Mission statement - tells you what to do & when, but not how.
• Mission tactics - your mission to support commander’s intent. Provides task and
purpose to those assigned to prosecute the mission.
• Focus of effort - task that is required to ensure the success of the mission.
• Main effort - unit assigned to accomplish focus of effort
• Surfaces & gaps – Avoid surfaces - results in slowing momentum or attrition warfare
– Exploit gaps by penetrating enemy’s weakness and driving deep to shatter enemy’s ability to
fight i.e., destroying C2/C4I nodes, artillery, log nodes etc.
– Finding gaps is done by employing recon pull. Whatever recon elements finds the gap, then
becomes the focus of effort in ref to support and accomplishing the mission. Recon pull is
not mentioned in USMC doctrine, but is noted here since it is believed by the author of this
brief as being an important concept needing further observation and employment.
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So What Now?
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Purpose of briefing the MW concepts thus far, is to show
how all Marines must synchronize their minds as a unit,
vice an individual, in order to accomplish an assigned
mission in garrison or the field.
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Practicing the mindset in everyday matters will result in a
more dynamic “make it happen” type unit, vice a unit
always waiting for guidance from higher headquarters.
Not taking initiative.
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Next to learn is the thought process needed to execute
the mission in a manner needed to break the enemy’s will.
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Time-competitive Decision Making:
Where Are We Going From Here?
• Fighting back
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Is going to introduce the reader to miscellaneous thoughts
concerning MW.
• Intro to the late Col John Boyd
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This will provide the reader a common background not only of the
genesis of today’s USMC doctrine, but to also note the character of
the man himself. What is most important in MW more than
anything else is the value of the individual, and that individual’s
responsibility to develop himself, his character, into a deadly
weapon to defeat the enemy. Ideas/doctrine will change and fail;
weapon systems will be rendered useless or outdated; but it is
individual character that causes the Davids to be the Goliaths.
• Col Boyd's ideas
• The Boyd cycle aka “OODA loop”
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Fighting Back
• Focusing on the basics
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Exploit the traditional Marine culture of (intel and warfighting)
• HUMINT a significant, underdeveloped need,
• Individual competence in warfighting and understanding conflict
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Learning Boyd's cycle and MW concepts
• Effective I&W - focus on knowing the enemy, his culture and
way of conflict, not focused on technical surveillance.
• Plan now/rehearse now/fight later
• Initiative, initiative, initiative!! - And a Marine culture that allows
and takes advantage of initiative. Practice MW concepts in
garrison as well as the field.
• Sensitizing
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Science, tech, weather, crime, sociology, psychology, etc
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Colonel John Boyd
• Rebel enlisted/fighter pilot/man of character, recognized “as
smart and competent by marines”
• “Hallmark - interested in understanding the truth about conflict,
wherever it led him.” Source # 15.
• Developed “competitive decision making on the battlefield.”
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40 second Boyd
Boyd cycle (aka OODA loop)
• Attacking enemies’ thought process and shattering his morale/decision
making process
• Priorities (in order)
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People
Ideas
Hardware
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Colonel John Boyd
9 Mar 97
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Colonel John Boyd
11 March 1997
To the Editor:
I was deeply saddened to learn of the passing of Colonel John Boyd, USAF (Ret). How does one begin to pay homage to a warrior like
John Boyd? He was a towering intellect who made unsurpassed contributions to the American art of war. Indeed, he was one of the
central architects in the reform of military thought which swept the services, and in particular the Marine Corps, in the 1980’s. From
John Boyd we learned about competitive decision making on the battlefield—compressing time, using time as an ally. Thousands of
officers in all our services knew John Boyd by his work on what was to be known as the Boyd Cycle or OODA Loop. His writings and his
lectures had a fundamental impact on the curriculum of virtually every professional military education program in the United States—
and on many abroad. In this way, he touched so many lives, many of them destined to ascend to the highest levels of military and
civilian leadership.
Those of us who knew John Boyd the man knew him as a man of character and integrity. His life and values were shaped by a selfless
dedication to Country and Service, by the crucible of war, and by an unrelenting love of study. He was the quintessential soldierscholar—a man whose jovial, outgoing exterior belied the vastness of his knowledge and the power of his intellect. I was in awe of him,
not just for the potential of his future contributions but for what he stood for as an officer, a citizen, and as a man.
As I write this, my mind wanders back to that morning in February, 1991, when the military might of the United States sliced violently
into the Iraqi positions in Kuwait. Bludgeoned from the air nearly round the clock for six weeks, paralyzed by the speed and ferocity of
the attack. The Iraqi army collapsed morally and intellectually under the onslaught of American and Coalition forces. John Boyd was an
architect of that victory as surely as if he’d commanded a fighter wing or a maneuver division in the desert. His thinking, his theories, his
larger than life influence, were there with us in Desert Storm. He must have been proud of what his efforts wrought.
So, how does one pay homage to a man like John Boyd? Perhaps best by remembering that Colonel Boyd never sought the acclaim
won him by his thinking. He only wanted to make a difference in the next war … and he did. That ancient book of wisdom—Proverbs—
sums up John’s contribution to his nation: " A wise man is strong, and a man of knowledge adds to his strength; for by wise guidance
you will wage your war, and there is victory in a multitude of counselors."* I, and his Corps of Marines, will miss our counselor terribly.
Sincerely,
C.C. Krulak General,
U. S. Marine Corps
Commandant of the Marine Corps
SOURCE: THE ESSENTIAL BOYD BY GRANT T. HAMMOND
* Proverbs 24:5-6
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Boyd’s Ideas
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“Consistent with Sun Tzu's writings, - Sun Tzu Updated for 21st
Century.” Source #15.
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Non-linear warfare
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Focuses on moral-mental-physical portions of enemy & as single entity
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“Work to defeat enemy plan, rather than his forces (consistent w/ Sun Tzu)”
source #15
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Moral values is central. Weak values=weak foe
Focus on the enemy and environment
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Knowledge of strategic environment (pri. 1)
Interact w/ environment appropriately (pri. 2)
• Combo of rapidity, initiative, harmony & variety
• Time is also a very important aspect.
• Constant situational awareness (aka. SA) remembering the real target is your
enemy’s perception.
• You want an “organization(s) and organisms” that are able to adapt in a rapidly
changing environment.
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SOURCE:
http://www.belisarius.com/modern_business_strategy/spinney/ev_epis/ooda_loop_sketch_13b.htm
Aids To Executing The Boyd Cycle
In A Rapidly Changing Environment
• Keep things simple and flexible
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Well rehearsed SOPs/templates
Decision making games
Think out of the box (be unorthodox in your thinking)
• People not afraid to be themselves & make mistakes
(boldness/initiative/judgment)
• Strong character
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Leadership traits & principles
Faith/religious beliefs
Develop good instincts
Develop an internal flow state based on constant rehearsal and
strong character
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Aids To Executing The Boyd Cycle In A
Rapidly Changing Environment
• Training like you are going to fight
• Individual training
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• Initiative driven, done on own time if needed.
• Training & rehearsals should become part of your instincts.
• React drills
Unit training
• Same as above
• Assigning people w/ certain abilities to the right jobs, cross train
later in order to create depth w/in your section.
Professional military education
• Builds your awareness to support your orientation and
observation phases of the Boyd cycle. The more ideas the
better as long as you can think, adapt, and manipulate data
for your needs.
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Aids To Executing The Boyd Cycle In
A Rapidly Changing Environment
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Liberal education
• Aids the individual decision making process as noted above.
• Education must be a daily activity; the mind must not be still.
• Nature/history walks/exercises/rehearsals
• Mental scenarios
• Provides full perspective of man and activity interacting in a
natural environment
• I.e., weather impacts on operations and equipment
• Assess the performance levels of your personnel in a dynamic
environment
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A Simplistic Orientation To Ooda
Loop Using Mw Concepts
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OODA Loop:
Observation
• What’s happening?
• Where’s the enemy?
• What are his surfaces & gaps • Where are his critical vulnerabilities, and how
can I neutralize him?
• What opportunities is the enemy presenting to
me that I can exploit?
• What strengths do I need to avoid?
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OODA Loop:
Orientation
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Assessing your current situation
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Shaped by your alertness, desire, education,
culture and accumulated experiences.
How to I carry out my commander’s intent and
mission based upon this current observation?
What choices can I/he make?
• What are his/my limitations?
• What are his/my surfaces & gaps? How can I/he exploit
them?
• What are my/his surfaces & gaps? How can I/he exploit
them?
• How can I put the enemy in a dilemma? How can he put
me in a dilemma?
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OODA Loop:
Orientation
• What choices can I/he make?
(Continued)
• Third platoon (conducting recon pull) at
the north detected a gap in the enemy
defense revealing an artillery battery.
Third platoon is now my focus of effort
since they are now best able to
accomplish my mission of neutralizing
the enemy’s ability to control LOC
chokepoints by fire.
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OODA Loop:
Decision
• Third platoon is now my point of main
effort (focus of effort)
• I now direct the majority of my fire support
assets to third platoon’s mission.
• My remaining forces will create a diversion
to draw the enemy’s attention away from
the gap by third platoon.
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OODA Loop:
Action
• Third platoon has just called for fire deep in the enemy’s rear
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and destroyed all artillery pieces. They are about to attack the
C3 node.
Second platoon will go and reinforce third platoon. First platoon
will attack enemy forces from the south east as a diversion.
Sniper observer teams w/ division recon will seize key terrain
and call for fire on time critical targets threatening our current
position.
Enemy forces have just surrendered.
Now the decision cycle begins again during this evolution for
this company commander. But, while all of these independent
decisions and activities are taking place, other small unit leaders
are conducting their own OODA loops in order achieve the
commander’s intent and mission.
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Last Note On The
Boyd Cycle
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You were just presented a very simplistic mini
scenario on how the Boyd cycle essentially works in
conjunction with other maneuver warfare concepts.
There are no right or wrong answers since
everyone’s cycle is different although the OODA loop
process may remain the same. Different
experiences, different observations may very well
result in different actions and decisions. But, the
important point to note, is whether or not the
commander’s intent and mission were accomplished.
That is the bottom line.
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Conclusion
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This concludes the basic orientation to AW, 4GW and
MW. Competitive decision making is an art and skill
that must be developed day in and day out as a way
of life so decisions can become more second nature,
more instinctive in that your mind can process
information way faster subconsciously than
consciously.
• The next page includes sources for further research,
study, practice and teaching. Semper fidelis…
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Sources
1.
“Terrorism Today And Tomorrow” article by Col Gi Wilson, USMCR, Sgt J.P. Sullivan, LACSD, And LtCol
Hal Kempfer, USMCR
2.
3.
4.
5.
“ Fourth Generation Warfare Is Here” by Harold A. Gould And Franklin C. Spinney
6.
7.
8.
“Will 2GW Thinking Creep Into A 4GW Operation???” article By AFP; Comment By F.C. Spinney.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
“The OODA Loop Sketch” found on www.belisarius.com
15.
16.
Edited w/ comments by Chris Yunker, Major, USMC
“OSS Statement On National Strategy For Terrorism And Other Threats” Press Release Source: OSS Inc.
“Anticipating The Nature Of The Next Conflict,” by GI Wilson, F Bunkers And JP Sullivan
“Terrorism: How Vulnerable Is The United States?” by Stephen Sloan From Terrorism: National Security
Policy And The Home Front, Edited By Stephen Pelletiere, published by The Strategic Studies Institute Of
The U.S. Army War College, May 1995.
MCDP 3 Expeditionary Operations by USMC, Chapters 1& 2.
The Essential Boyd, by Grant T. Hammond (can be found on www.belisarius.com This site Is run by Dr
Chet Richards).
“MCI 7401- Warfighting” USMC
Art Of War, by Sun Tzu (many translations) or go to www.sonshi.com
On War, by Carl Von Clausewitz (several translations) or go to www.clausewitz.com
Warfighting FMFM-1 USMC
Defense and the National Interest at http://www.d-n-i.net is a storehouse of info like Belisarius.com
pertaining to AW, 4GW, and MW by Mr. Chuck Spinney.
Related links can be found via http://www.angelfire.com/journal2/howie137/howie137.htm
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