 FUNCTION ?

http://missmsoledad.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/gametogenesis.jpg

http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/meiosis1.gif

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORMATION OF SPERM AND EGG ?

  SYNAPSIS: HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES PAIR UP AND INTERTWINE: FORMS TETRADS CROSS OVER COMMON

 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME PAIRS SEPARATE

 SAME AS MITOSIS WITH REPLICATED PAIRS

   PROPHASE II: SAME AS MITOSIS ANAPHASE II: CENTROMERES SEPARATE RELEASING CHROMATIDS: NOW CHROMOSOMES TELOPHASE II:

   PRODUCE/MAINTAIN SPERM CELLS TRANSPORT TO FEMALE TRACT SECRETE MALE SEX HORMONES

    1-2 MONTHS DROP FROM NEAR KIDNEYS TO SCROTUM ?

STIMULATED BY TESTOSTERONE GUBERNACULUM CRYPTORCHIDISM

    TUNICA ALBUGINEA MEDIASTINUM TESTIS: CONNECTIVE TISSUE (SEPTA) DIVIDE TESTIS TO 250 LOBULES LOBULE: 4 SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES UNITE TO RETE TESTIS IN MEDIASTINUM TO EPIDIDYMIS TO DUCTUS DEFERENS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES: SPECIALIZED STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM   SPERMATOGENIC CELLS: ?

INTERSTITIAL CELLS: CELLS OF LEYDIG: MALE SEX HORMONES

 SUSTENACULAR CELLS: SERTOLI CELLS: COLUMNAR; SUPPORT, NOURISH, REGULATE SPERMATAOGENIC CELLS aboutcancer.com

      MALE EMBRYO: HORMONES ACTIVATE SPERMATOGONIA: MITOSIS FORMS:   A CELLS (SAME) B CELLS: PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE SPERMATOGENESIS WAITS TILL PUBERTY MORE TESTOSTERONE: NEW MITOSIS; MEIOSIS  2 SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES  SPERMATIDS HOW MANY?

DURING SPERMATOGENESIS CELLS MOVE TOWARDS LUMEN BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER: TIGHT JUNCTIONS OF SUSTENACULAR CELLS WHY?

SPERMATOGENSIS OCCURS CONTINUOUSLY

 SPERM CELLS  LUMEN  RETE TESTIS  EPIDIDYMUS: COLLECT/MATURE http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sperm+cell&view

    0.06 mm ACROMOSOME: ENZYMES TO ENTER EGG  HYALURONIDASE MIDPIECE: MITOCHONDRIA ?

TAIL: FLAGELLUM: MICROTUBULES

   6 METERS LONG PSEUDOSTRATIFIEDCOLUMNAR, NONMOTILE CILIA SECRETE FLUID WITH GLYCOGEN FOR ?

PERISTALTSIS MOVES SPERM THROUGH AS MATURE

      VASA DEFERENTIA/ VAS DEFERENS 45 cm PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM THROUGH INGUINAL CANAL END: DILATES TO AMPULLA JOINS SEMINAL VESSICLE DUCT TO EJACULATORY DUCT TO PROSTATE GLAND TO URETHRA

  CONVOLUTED SAC, 5 cm GLANDULAR TISSUE LINING: SECRETES SLIGHTLY ALKALINE FLUID WITH FRUCTOSE AND PROSTAGLANDINS  PROTECT SPERM AS IT TRAVELS   ENERGY STIMULATE CONTRACTIONS OF FEMALE TRACT ?

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://rpmedia.ask.com/

   4 x 3 cm BRANCHED TUBULAR GLANDS SEPARATED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE SEPTA AND SMOOTH MUSCLE SECRETE INTO URETHRA THIN, MILKY FLUID  ALKALINE VS. METABOLIC WASTE OF SPERM & FEMALE TRACT  HELPS MOBILIZE SPERM SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTS FOR SECRETION WHEN SEMEN ENTERS

    1 cm URETHRA BELOW PROSTRATE TUBES OF GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE SECRETES MUCUS LIKE FLUID WHEN STIMULATION OCCURS FOR SOME LUBRICATION

nursingcrib.com

      2-5 mm 120 MILLION SPERM PER mm SPERM CELLS; FLUID FROM SEMINAL VESSICLES, PROSTATE GLAND AND BULBOURETHRAL GLAND ALKALINE, PROSTAGLANDINS AND NUTRIENTS CAPACITATION LAST WEEKS IN MALE, CAN ONLY FERTILIZE FOR 1-2 DAYS

 SCROTUM:  SUBCUTANEOUS MEMBRANE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE, NO FAT ?

  3º COOLER MEDIAL SEPTUM DIVIDES IN TWO

   BODY: ERECTILE TISSUE: PAIR OF COPORA CAVERNOSA AND CORPUS SPONGIOSUM TUNICA ALBUGINEA GLANS: EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE FORESKIN: PREPUCE

   PARASYMPATHETIC NS RELEASES VASODILATOR N ITRIC ACID  DILATES ARTERIES   THIS CONSTRICTS VEINS ?

(BLOOD ENTERS AND PRESSURE BUILDS) SYMPATHETIC NS CONTROLS EMISSION (PERISTALSIS) AND EJACULATION ERECTILE TISSUE STIMULATED, SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTS BULBOURETHRAL FLUID FIRST, PROSTATE, SPERM, THEN SEMINAL VESSICLES

     HYPOTHALAMUS  GnRH GONADOTROPINS: LH/FSH  LH (ICSH IN MALES) : STIMUATES DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS FSH STIMULATES SUSTENACULAR CELLS FSH AND TESTOSTERONE SPERMATOGENESIS SUSTENACULAR CELLS PRODUCE INHIBIN PREVENTS OVERPRODUCTION OF FSH

      ANDROGENS MOSTLY BY INTERSTITIAL CELLS; SOME ?

TESTOSTERONE: STEROID HORMONE; CARRIED BY PLASMA PROTEINS TO RECEPTOR IN PROSTATE, SEMINAL VESSICLES: CHANGED TO DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE TO FUNCTION EXCESS CHANGED BY LIVER AND EXCRETED PRODUCED AROUND BIRTH AND AT PUBERTY

  8 WEEK EMBRYO:  FORMATION OF MALE GLANDS; TESTICULAR DECENSION LATER PUBERTY:  MALE GLANDS GROW AND DEVELOP  SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS:  BODY HAIR; ADAM’S APPLE; THICKENING OF SKIN; MUSCULAR GROWTH: SHOULDERS AND WAIST; BONES THICKEN/STRENGTHEN; INCREASED METABOLISM; RELEASE OF ERYTHROPOIETIN;

   HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES GnRH TO ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO RELEASE LH TO INTERSTITIAL CELLS TO RELEASE TESTOSTERONE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MALE CLIMATERIC: TESTOSTERONE DECREASES

     FOR PRODUCTION AND MATURATION OF EGG TRANSPORT FOR FERTILIZATION ENVIRONMENT FOR EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT BIRTH FEMALE SEX HORMONES

       3.5 x 2 x 1 cm HELD BY LIGAMENTS:  BROAD LIGAMENT; SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT AND OVARIAN LIGAMENT DESCEND TO PELVIC BRIM MEDULLA AND CORTEX MEDULLA: LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, BLOOD, NERVES, LYMPH, CORTEX: OVARIAN FOLLICLES TUNICA ALBUGINEA

   EMBRYO: HAS ALL EGGS, MITOSIS: MORE OOGONIA  PRIMARY OOCYTES PRIMARY OOCYTE COVERED BY FLATTENED EPITHELIAL CELLS= FOLLICULAR CELLS  PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE; RESTS TILL PUBERTY EMBRYO: SEVERAL MILLION EGGS  BIRTH: 1 MILLION  ~400 RELEASED  PUBERTY: 400,000 A FEW FERTILIZED 

     PUBERTY: A FEW STIMULATED TO GO THROUGH MEIOSIS UNEVEN CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION = POLAR BODIES IF FERTILIZED, SECONDARY OOCYTE DIVIDES TO FORM LAST POLAR BODY PUBERTY: INCREASED PRODUCTION OF FSH  OVARIES ENLARGE FSH STIMULATES SOME (UP TO 20) PRIMORDIAL OOCYTES TO MATURE, FOLLICULAR CELLS DIVIDE = GRANULOSA CELLS: STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM, ZONA PELLUCIDA (GLYCOPROTINE LAYER) FORMS  PRIMARY FOLLICLE

    OVARIES DEVELOP:  INNER VASCULAR LAYER: THECA INTERNA: STEROID SECRETING CELLS  OUTER FIBROUS LAYER: THECA EXTERNA: CONNECTIVE TSSUE FOLLICULAR CELLS PROLIFERATE: SECONDARY FOLLICLE 1 WEEK: DOMINANT FOLLICLE FORMS MATURES IN 10-14 DAYS TO GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE SECONDARY OOCYTE DEVELOPS WITH THICK ZONA PELLUCIDA AND CORONA RADIATA OF FOLLICLE WHICH SUPPLIES NUTRIENTS TO OOCYTE

  OVULATION: STIMULATED BY LH: CAUSES SWELLING & RUPTURE OF FOLLICLE PICKED UP BY UTERINE TUBE: MUST BE FERTILIZED SHORTLY http://www.biog1105-1106.org/demos/105/unit8/media/ovary-schematic.jpg

 UTERINE TUBES:  BROAD LIGAMENT   10 cm x .7 cm INFUNDIBULUM WITH FIMBRIAE http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray589.png

       7 x 5 cm x 2.5 cm BROAD LIGAMENT COVERS ROUND LIGAMENT TO PELVIC WALL BODY FUNDUS CERVIX CERVICAL ORIFICE  OSTIUM UTERI www.becomehealthynow.com/images/organs/reproduction/uterus_adnexa_bh.jpg

   ENDOMETRIUM  MUCOSAL, COLUMNAR EPITHEILIUM, TUBULAR GLANDS MYOMETRIUM  SMOOTH MUSCLE: LONGITUDINAL, CIRCULAR, SPIRAL PERIMETRIUM

http://www.netterimages.com/

      9 cm FIBROMUSCULAR TUBE ALLOWS SPERM IN/ BABY OUT SURROUNDS CERVIX VAGINAL ORIFICE: HYMEN LAYERS    MUCOSAL: STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, VAGINAL RUGAE, NO MUCOUS GLANDS MUSCULAR: SMOOTH, LONGITUDINAL AND CIRCULAR; THIN STRIATED AT MOUTH ALSO BULBOSPONGIOSUS: CLOSED FIBROUS: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, ELASTIC FIBERS, CONNECTIONS

  LABIA MAJORA  ENCLOSE PROTECT REST    SKIN, ADIPOSE TISSUE, SMOOTH MUSCLE HAIR, SWEAT GLANDS COVERS VAGINAL OPENINGS LABIA MINORA  FLATTENED LONGITUDINAL FOLDS INSIDE   CONNECTIVE TISSUE, BLOOD VESSELS STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

   2cm, 0.5 cm 2 COLUMNS OF COPORA CAVERNOSA SENSORY NERVE FIBERS

   SPACE WITHIN LABIA MINORA VESTIBULAR GLANDS/BARTHOLIN’S GLANDS VESTIBULAR BULBS: VASCULAR ERECTILE TISSUE

   SEXUAL STIMULATION  PARASYMPATHETIC NS  NITRIC OXIDE  VASODILATOR ERECTION STIMULATES VESTIBULAR GLANDS TO RELEASE MUCUS CLITORAL STIMULATION  ORGASM  REFLEXES IN SACRAL AND LUMBAR SPINAL CORD  CONTRACTION OF UTERINE TUBES AND UTERUS ?

     ~10 YEARS: HYPOTHALAMUS ANTERIOR PITUITARY   GnRH FSH & LH  OVARIES, ADRENAL CORTEX, PLACENTA RELEASE HORMONES ESTROGEN  ESTRADIOL MOSTLY, ESTRONE, ESTRIOL  PROGESTERONE PUBERTY: OVARIES RELEASE ESTROGEN:  ENLARGEMENT OF OVARIES AND OTHER ORGANS

 SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS  DEVELOPMENT OF BREASTS AND MAMMARY GLANDS  MORE ADIPOSE TISSUE  INCREASES VASCULARIZATION OF SKIN PROGESTERONE: FROM OVARIES: CHANGES IN ENDOMETRIUM LINING, MAMMARY GLANDS, RELEASE OF GONADOTROPINS ANDROGEN: FROM ADRENAL CORTEX: MORE HAIR, DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETON

     FIRST: MENARCHE HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY   GnRH FSH & LH  ANTERIOR FSH: MATURATION OF FOLLICLE; GRANULOSA CELLS  ESTROGEN AND SOME PROGESTERONE LH  OVARIAN CELLS MOLECULES   PRECURSOR ESTROGEN INCREASING ESTROGEN LEVEL  PROLIFERATIVE STAGE: ENDOMETRIUM THICKENS AS FOLLICLE MATURES

    DAY 14: ANTERIOR PITUITARY RELEASES LH  OVULATION OLD FOLLICLE/THECA INTERNA  CORPUS LUTEUM: GLANDULAR  PROGESTERONE  DEVELOPS ENDOMETRIUM MORE & UTERINE GLANDS TO SECRETE GLYCOGEN AND LIPIDS: SECRETORY PHASE ??

HIGH ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE INHIBIT FSH & LH NO MORE FOLLICLE STIMULATION IF NOT FERTILIZED: CORPUS LUTEUM  CORPUS ALBICANS: ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE DECREASE

  BLOOD VESSELS CONSTRICT/LESS O2/ CELLS SLOUGH OFF: MENSES: DAY 28 FOR 3-5 DAYS FSH AND LH INCREASE: NEW CYCLE

      LATE 40/EARLY 50 IRREGULAR/MONTHS TO YEARS: ENDS AGE OF OVARIES: FEW PRIMARY OOCYTES, FOLLICLES DON’T MATURE, NO OVULATION, LESS ESTROGEN EXCEPT FOR ADRENAL ESTROGEN; LESS PROGESTERONE SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS CHANGE: SHRINK LOSS OF BONE, THINNING OF SKIN 50% NO SYMPTOMS; HOT FLASHES, MIGRAINES, FATIGUE, MUSCLE SORENESS

   15-20 LOBES; DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE ALVEOLAR GLANDS   ALVEOLAR DUCTS LACTIFEROUS DUCT  NIPPLE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS

    DETERMINED BY YOUR BELIEFS: WHEN IS THE DEVELOPING FETUS ALIVE?

COITUS INTERRUPTUS RHYTHM METHOD MECHANICAL BARRIERS  CONDOM: MALE; FEMALE    DIAPHRAGM CERVICAL CAP OFTEN WITH SPERMICIDAL JELLY

 CHEMICAL BARRIER  SPERMICIDAL CREAMS, FOAMS, JELLIES,  HIGHER FAILURE RATE WHEN USED ALONE COMBINED HORMONE CONTRACEPTIVES ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE LIKE CHEMICAL RING: MONTH PLASTIC PATCH PILL MINIPILL DISRUPT FSH AND LH SECRETION USUALLY AROUND 100% INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTION – FOR 3 MONTHS INTRAUTERINE DEVICES SURGICAL METHODS VASECTOMY TUBAL LIGATION