Dr. Deb*s Review
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Transcript Dr. Deb*s Review
Dr. Deb’s Review
From then til when?
Introduction
Through the Centuries since the mid-1600s, the
nature and inclination of Curriculum has changed.
The Colonial and National Periods were followed
or segued through the impact of Nineteenth
Century European Educators. Also during the
Nineteenth Century was the Rise of Universal
Education and the Transitional Period which
accompanied it. The Field of Curriculum was born
in 1918, but changes have continued to ensue.
The dynamics of social change in the last fifty
years have altered curriculum as well.
Colonial Period 1642-1775
Colonial Regions
New England Colonies
Mid-Atlantic Colonies
The South
The Four R’s
Colonial Period 1642-1775
Colonial Schools
Town School
Teacher’s pulpit and recitations
Attendance based around family needs
Parochial and Private Schools
Focus on religious needs and vocational
skills
Latin Grammar Schools
to support religious and social institutions
of the era
Academy
Practical education for the non college
student
College
Harvard or Yale
National Period 1776-1850
Rush
Classics prejudice the masses
Devotion to the sciences!
Free Elementary School
Free Academy
Free Colleges and Universities
Jefferson
Tax-payers should provide education for all
Scholarship students pay back as teachers
“Equality of educational opportunity”
National Period 1776-1850
Webster
Cultural independence of America
The American Spelling Book
McGuffey
The Readers “combine the virtues of the
Protestant faith with those of rural
America – patriotism, heroism, hard
work, diligence, and virtuous living.”
Established grading system
Ornstein, p. 67
19th Century European Educators
Pestalozzi
“general” method for emotional security
“special” method for sensory learning
Form – Number -- Sound
Froebel
“child’s garden”
Self development, manipulative items, etc.
Learning through play
19th Century European Educators
Hebart
Chief aim is moral education
Diversified interests
Balanced perspectives
Knowledge interests
Ethical interests
1-Preparation
2-Presentation
3-Association
4-Systemization
5-Application
19th Century European Educators
Spencer
Intelligent & productive populations
would adapt and prosper
Purpose: To prepare for complete living
Teach HOW to think, not WHAT to think
1-sustain life
2-enhance life
3-aid in rearing children
4-maintain social and political relations
5-enhance leisure, tasks, and feelings
Ornstein, p. 70
Universal Education 1820-1920
Monitorial Schools
Joseph Lancaster – economy/efficiency
Student monitors taught classes
Smaller classes
4-R’s
Common Schools
Everyone equal in education
Common classroom for all
3-R’s
EVOLUTION OF ELEMENTARY CURRICULUM
Universal Education 1820-1920
Secondary Schools
Basically advanced elementary common
schools
The Academy
Replaced Latin Grammar School
Multi-focused – options based on needs
The High School (for all youth)
Compulsory attendance
Produced a skilled workforce
Assimilated immigrants
EVOLVED SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM
Transitional Period 1893-1918
Three Committees
Committee of Fifteen – Elementary Education
Compartmentalization of subject matter
Committee of Ten – Secondary Education
Four Tracks
1-Classical
2-Latin Scientific
3-Modern Languages
4-English
Preferred hierarchy of first two tracks
Committee on College Entrance
Charles Eliot (Harvard)
Evaluate and create Carnegie Unit structure
Modern Curriculum
Science, Psychology, and Curriculum?
Influence of Peirce & James
Theories of Darwin, et al
Educational ideas of Dewey and Parker
Gestalt psychology, etc.
Flexner
Rejected traditional secondary program
Science
Industry
Civics
Aesthetics
Modern Curriculum
Dewey
Democracy and Education
Subjects NOT in a value hierarchy
“Method of inquiry” = “intelligent behavior”
Judd
Evolutionist
Laws of nature should educate the young
Introduction to the Scientific Study of
Education
Systematic studies of the curriculum
Practical education, not elitist education
Modern Curriculum
Commission on the Reorganization of
Secondary Education
Cardinal Principles of Secondary
Eeducation
A composite of Flexner and Dewey
1-7 Principles/Aims
2-comprehensive high school
3-various programs in high school
4-psychology, pedagogy, assessment, etc
5-American education
set of institutions in conjunction not isolation
Birth of the Field 1918-1949
Bobbitt & Charters
Focus on efficiency
Time and motion studies – machine theory
Objectives for curriculum
1 - ELIMINATE the impractical
2 - EMPHASIZE the important
3 - AVOID community opposed
4 - INVOLVE the community
5 - DIFFERENTIATE courses for all/some
6 - SEQUENCE the objectives in hierarchy
Birth of the Field 1918-1949
Kilpatrick
Progressive
Child-centered, activity-centered
Classroom/School Social/Group
Project method
Purposing – Planning – Executing -- Judging
26th Yearbook
1st half criticism of existing program
2nd half outlines ideal curriculum
Birth of the Field 1918-1949
Rugg
The Child-Centered School (Rugg & Shumaker)
Curriculum specialists should make
curriculum, not communities or students!
Caswell
Step-by-step procedure
Tyler
Eight year study
What purpose? Experience? Organization?
Assessment?
Current Focus
Two-way split
Scientific and Technical vs
Aesthetic and Humanistic
1960’s to the Present
The onset of a series of assassinations, the rebellion against the
War in Vietnam, the massive spread of drug activity, and the
popular availability of birth control pills led to a sociological
upheaval from which schools were most certainly not exempt.
problems in school in the 1950’s - chewing gum &talking in class
students of the 1960’s were smoking pot and getting pregnant
Perhaps more problematic, they, and those who led them, felt that
any consequence was the fault of another, and responsibility fled
the scene.
Current Focus
1960’s to the Present – continued
Change in discipline
Concern over psychological well-being
Skyrocketing drop-out rates
Fail to keep pace internationally
Return to basics
Rise in homeschooling
Electronic influence
DISCIPLINE A NECESSITY, NOT AN OPTION
Teach how to think!