Transcript Slide 1

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
The recent development in Denmark in
relation to ammonia regulation
Steen Gyldenkærne
Dept. of Policy Analysis, Nat. Env. Res. Inst
Aarhus University
[email protected]
TFRN, Rome 10-12 May 2011
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Outline
› Background
› Previous regulations
› What have we achieved so far
›
›
›
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Nex
Nitrogen consumption
Leaching
N in watersheds
› Nex data
› Comparison with other countries
› Future regulations
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
You need a good case!
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Action plans and regulations
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1987 Action Plan on the aquatic environment (I)
›
Partly voluntary agreement on reduced N input
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›
›
1998 Action Plan on the aquatic environment (II)
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›
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Ban on broad casting
Increased storage capacity, approx. 10 months
Increased coverage of manure stores
Time slot for incorporation of manure, 6 hours
No manure application on “not harvested crops”, i.e. ban on autumn application
2004 Action Plan on the aquatic environment (III)
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›
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6% of the agricultural area with catch crops
10% reduced nitrogen norms compared to normal
5% increased utilization rate of N i animal manure
2000 Ammonia action plan
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Higher utilization of N in animal manure
Agreement was 50% reduction in Nitrogen leaching from the root zone
Mandatory Nitrogen accounting (farms >10 AU)
Increased utilization rate of N in animal manure, >75%
2007-2011 More information later
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Current regulation
› Approval of all farms every 8 years and when changed
› Limits
› 15 AU
› 75 AU
› Includes ammonia deposition estimates to natural habitats
› Costly
› Up to 50.000-100.000 €
› Time consuming
› Up to 2-3 years
› Turnover rates of animals
› 90 % of the pigs are moving to other facilities within 10 years
› 90% of the diary cows are moving within 18 years
› New approval
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
What have been achieved so far: I
Nitrogen input
Nitrogen output
Source: Winther, F. and P. Olesen, http://web.agrsci.dk/djfpublikation/index.asp?action=show&id=1112
NOVANA data by Jørgen Windolf, NERI
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
What have been achieved so far: II
Nitrogen surplus
Nitrogen utilization rate
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
What have been achieved so far: III
90.000
80.000
Dairy Cattle
Deer
Ton NH3-N/yr
70.000
Fur farming
Go ats
60.000
Ho rses
No n-Dairy Cattle
50.000
Ostrich
P heasant
40.000
P o ultry
30.000
Sheep
Swine
To tal
20.000
10.000
Ammonia, overall reduction
Total:
- 34%
Dairy cattle:
- 49%
Pigs:
- 38%
0
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
90.000
80.000
Stable
Sto rage
Ton NH3-N/yr
70.000
A pplicatio n
60.000
Grazing
To tal
50.000
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
0
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
Ammonia, overall reduction
Stable:
- 3%
Storage:
- 70%
Application:
- 48%
Grazing:
- 36%
Kg NH3-N/animal place/yr
35
30
Dairy Cattle
No n-Dairy Cattle
25
Swine
20
15
10
5
0
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
Ammonia, overall reduction IEF
Dairy cattle:
- 19%
Pigs:
- 54%
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Steen Gyldenkærne
What have been achieved so far: IV
Nitrogen deposition to land
Land
25,0
Vand
Reduceret N
Kvælstofdepositon, kgN/ha
Oxideret N
20,0
Samlet
15,0
10,0
5,0
Oxideret N
20,0
Samlet
15,0
10,0
5,0
2010
2000
1995
2010
2005
1995
2000
År
1990
0,0
0,0
1990
Kvælstofdepositon, kgN/ha
Reduceret N
2005
25,0
Nitrogen deposition to water
År
Source: Ellermann et al. NERI, 2011
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Steen Gyldenkærne
What have been achieved so far: V
Nitrogen input
Leaching
Mineral fertilser:
Animal manure:
- 50%
- 10%
From Root zone:
Diffusive sources into water:
800.000
800.000
N, Mineral fertiliser
N, diffusive to w ater sheds
700.000
Nex, animal manure
700.000
N, leached from root zone
600.000
N, input total (before NH3-emis)
600.000
N, diffusive to maritime w ater
500.000
500.000
Ton N/yr
Ton N/yr
- 50%
- 41%
400.000
400.000
300.000
300.000
200.000
200.000
100.000
100.000
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
What have been achieved so far: VI (a)
› Denmark has some of the best educated farmers
› High performance of the farmers
› Efficient controlling systems
› Good data quality on input
›
The Normative system
› Annual updated Nex for all animal types based on
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18-20 % of all dairy cattle
25-30 % of all pigs
75-80 % of all poultry
95-100 % of all fur farms
› Reliable data for Nex
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
What have been achieved so far: VI (b)
Feed consumption and Nex 1990-2010
1990
Fatteners
1994
FU/kg growth
g protein/FU
Nex, kg/yr/produced pig
Piglets
4,53
4,55
FU/kg growth
g protein/FU
Sows
2000
2005
2010
2,9
2,9
2,9
2,9
162,5
158,3
157,6
151,0
3,28
3,15
3,19
2,94
2,0
2,1
2,0
2,0
175,0
164,3
164,8
161,0
Nex, kg/yr/produced pig
0,73
0,68
0,68
0,64
0,63
0,51
FU
1300
1300
1300
1340
1442
1500
150,0
149,8
142,8
138,0
25,7
26,6
27,2
26,0
7450
7659
8745
9357
6032
6065
6593
6984
175,6
175,0
173,0
172,0
128,0
127,3
134,5
140,9
g protein/FU
Nex, kg/yr
Dairy cows
1997
28,7
26,3
Milk yield, l/yr
FE
5700
6032
g protein/FU
Nex, kg/yr
133,0
121,4
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Steen Gyldenkærne
What have been achieved so far: VII
Crude Protein (CP) content in pig feed
FU/kg feed
% CP, current
danish values,
% in feed
TFRN
Medium
TFRN
High
Minimum economial
CP content
based on amino
acid optimization
Fatteners
1,05
15,9
15-17
14-16
13,3
Piglets
1,13
18,2
18-19
17-18
17,7
Sows
1,04
14,4
16-17
15-16
14-15
13-14
11,0
Source: Own calculation based on data from the Danish Plant Directorate and
http://vsp.lf.dk/Viden/Foder/Naeringsstoffer/Normer%20for%20naeringsstoffer.aspx?full=1
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
What have been achieved so far: VIII
Simple cost calculation
Approximately cost, 1987-2009:
Abated ammonia, 1988-2009:
Reduced leaching to water:
500 – 600 Million €
387,538 ton NH3-N
325,778 ton N
Cost per kg reduced NH3-N:
Cost per kg reduced leached N:
1.3 – 1.5 €/kg NH3-N
1.5 – 1.8 €/kg N leached
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Comparison with other countries
2008
Denmark
Germany
Poland
The Netherlands
% Ammonia loss per kg excreted Nitrogen
Cattle
15
25
20
21
Pigs
22
35
28
23
Poultry
28
43
30
21
Source: Own calculation based on reported data to EMEP/CORINAR and UNFCCC
Emission kg NH3-N
Dairy cows
Fatteners/place
Guide book Tier 1, approx. incl. manure application
28.00 (? kg Nex)
5.44
21.68 (140 kg Nex)
1.82
Denmark average 2009 incl. manure application
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
The Future
› Approval of all farms > 15 AU
› Demands for low ammonia emissions
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Steen Gyldenkærne
Current regulations for enlargement
Base N excretion,
norm
N ex
Reduction, %
Maximum NH3-emission per
dairy cow (large breed),
kg NH3-N/yr
2006
2005/2005
134.5
0 (reference)
10.64
2007
2005/2006
134.5
15
9.04
2008
2005/2006
134.5
20
8.51
2009/2010
2005/2006
134.5
25
8.00
2011
2010/2011
140.9
30 (from BAT)
7.01
Application
year
Application
year
Base N excretion,
norm
Nex, 30-102 kg
Reduction, %
Maximum NH3-emission per
produced pig, kg NH3-N
2006
2005/2005
3.19
0 (reference)
0.44
2007
2005/2006
3.19
15
0.37
2008
2005/2006
3.19
20
0.35
2009/2010
2005/2006
3.19
25
0.33
2011
2010/2011
2.95 (1)
30 (from BAT)
0.302 (1)
(1) Weight interval 32-107 kg
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Approval of the Danish farms
› Status by 1 June 2010
› Farmers having 22% of the current AU (240.000 AU) in Denmark
has applied and been approved
› The farms has applied for an approval of 33 % of the current
Danish animal stock (660.000 AU)
› An average increase of 50% per farm
› The approval shall be utilized within 2 years (approx.)
› The performance of the applicants
› Average NH3-N emission in the inventory:
› Current emission:
› Approved emission:
15.8 kg NH3-N/AU
13.0 kg NH3-N/AU
10.6 kg NH3-N/AU
The applicants are some of the best performing farmers
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
The Wheel
2011 application round
30 % reductions
Expected average ammonia emission
in theobtained
futurewith
2012 applications etc.
for pigs
Forced
to useand
lowerdairy
normative Nex-values
cattle from
Technique
Lower CP
in feed/less
Nex
stable
and
storage
7 kg NH3-N / AU
Result
Lower normative Nex-values
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Buffer zones
›
›
Two different Natural areas
›
Natura 2000, EU-legislation
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National interesting sites, ammonia sensitive areas (§3)
›
7 % of the Danish agricultural area is in buffer zones
Two buffer zones
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0-300 m (BZ I)
› No farms are allowed to be established
› No changes in existing farms are allowed if this increase the emission
›
300-1000 m (BZ II)
› Maximum increase in deposition of 0.3-0.7 kg N/ha
› The actual number depends on the number of animals within a range of 1000 m
from the applicant
› Large farms: If a farm (>500 AU) outside BZ II has an influence on the
deposition in the natural habitat, this shall taken into account
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Manure application
›
No splash plates
›
Mandatory injection on black soils and grass
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Mandatory injection in buffer zones for all crops from 2011
› High costs in growing crops: damage and horse power
›
Possible solution: acidification during application
›
Cost: app. 50 €/ha excl. effect of increased N utilization
Acidification when applied 1
Injection
Hose-trail
Acidification when applied 2
Acidification in the stable
http://biocover.dk/images/stories/DJF_SyreN_Forsg/2010_BioCover_-_Notat_til_miljstyrelsen_om_SyreN_projekt.pdf
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
CLR-Transboundary - AP
Source: Maciej Kryza et al., 2011
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
CLR-Transboundary - AP
NHx, Ton N/yr
Denmark has a highly intensive
agriculture but:
Danish em ission
deposited on Danish
w ater; 4578; 7%
Foreign em ission
deposited on Danish
w ater; 28122; 41%
›
Danish em issions
deposited on Danish
soils; 10894; 16%
31 % of the deposited NHx to land is of
Danish origin
Foreign em ission
deposited on Danish
soils; 24249; 36%
›
69 % is of foreign origin
NOx, Ton N/yr
›
Please reduce your emissions
Foreign emission
deposited on
Danish water;
33012; 52%
Danish emissions
deposited on
Danish soils; 7889;
12%
Danish emission
deposited on
Danish water;
5374; 8%
Foreign emission
deposited on
Danish soils;
17560; 28%
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Summing up
› Denmark has walked a long way
› and still there is a path to walk – full of stones
› The Danish national strengthening has a limited overall
effect
› primarily on local habitats
› Large effects could be made if Europe follows the
Danish example
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
Steen Gyldenkærne
TFRN,
Rome 10-12 May 2011
Thanks for taking your time
National borders exits only in our minds