GLOBAL BASELINE INFORMATION ON CURRENT STATUS OF GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL DAMAGE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN FARMERS’ FIELDS R.C. Joshi and T. Wada

Acknowledgement

The following individuals and institutions provided information on the golden apple snail and links with snail researchers. We are grateful to them for their contributions and assistance . •A. Hardy, USA  B. M. Rejesus, UPLB, Philippines  Banpot Napompeth, Thailand  Bede Evans, FAO, VietNam   Bounneuang Douang Booptha, NARC, Lao PDR C. Austria, IRRI Library, Philippines  Cesar Moquete, Republic of Dominica  Chompoonut Chayapate, Thailand  Clyde Tamaru, Hawaii  Cyrill Rogger, InfoAgrar, Switzerland  Dam Quoc Tru, VietNam  Duong Ngoc Cuong, VietNam  Edwin Javier, IRRI, Philippines  G. Jahn, IRRI, Philippines  Geoff Baker, CSIRO, Australia  Grant Singleton, CSIRO, Australia  Hae-Chune Choi, RDA, Korea  Harry Ako, Hawaii  Hector Srenath, FAO, SriLanka  Hendarsih Suharto,Indonesia  Ho Van Chien, VietNam  Horacio Heras, Argentina  Huynh Kim Ngoc, VietNam  I. D. Bowen, UK  J. Breithaupt, FAO, Rome  J. Coupland, LONZA, Switzerland

Acknowledgement

 J. W. Smith, USA  Jerry R. Tjoe-Awie, Suriname  Jesus Rosario, Republic of Dominica  Jianming Chen, China  Jimin Lee, USA  Jorge Luis Alonso Gonzales, Columbia  K. Gallagher, FAO, Rome  Karl Goeppert, Lao-IRRR   Khamouane Khamphoukeo, NARC, Lao PDR L. Estebenet, Argentina  L.T. Wilson, USA  Lionel Nugaliyade, SriLanka  Luike Pieterse, Canada  Luis R. Sanint, FLAR/CIAT, Columbia  M. Austria, SEARCA-IPM, Philippines  M. Halwart, FAO, Rome  M. Ketelaar, FAO, Lao PDR  M. Matsuda JICA, Japan  M. Way, UK  Mahithon Putiso, Thailand  Mario Corado, FAO, Lao PDR  Mark Bell, IRRI, Philippines  Mel Jackson, Hawaii  Men Sarom, CARDI, Cambodia  Mu Mu Kyaw, Lao PDR  N. Cazzaniga, Argentina  Nguyen Huu Huan, VietNam  O. Mochida, Japan  Othman Omar, MARDI, Malaysia  P. C. Matteson, FAO, VietNam

Acknowledgement

 P. Kenmore, FAO, Rome  P. A. C. Ooi, FAO, Thailand  Patcharee Menakanit, Thailand  Pol Chanty, CARDI, Cambodia  R. C. Saxena, India  R. Cowie, USA  R. G. Howells, USA  R. Yamakawa, Hawaii  Robinson, USA  Rodney Haraguchi, Hawaii  Roy Masamdu, PNG  S. R. Obien, BAR, Philippines  Sakda Sinives, Thailand  Sang-Beom Lee, RDA, Korea  Sim Sar, PNG  Stijn Ghesquiere, Belgium  Tagliati Elisabetta, FAO, Rome  Teo Su Sin, Malaysia  Terunobu Hidaka, Japan  Than Aye, Mynmar  Tran Tan Viet, VietNam  U Myo Myint, Mynmar  Xiaoping Yu, China

Questionnaire:

   

Area under rice production (ha and %): seasons and rice culture (transplanted and direct-seeded) Extent of damage by golden apple snail (ha) List of various methods adopted by rice farmers List of pesticides used to control golden apple snail (most popular to least preferred)

 

Questionnaire:

Farmers’ criteria for the choice of a chemical:

  Efficacy Immediate kill    Cost Ease of application Any other reasons (Availability, biodegradable etc.).

Utilization of golden apple snail by rice farmers

  Liquid bio-compost fertilizer/ Bio-control of weeds in rice fields    Farm animal feed Any other use (baits for rice bugs/rat baits/ fish baits) Food

GAS Background

Historical profile

Year Introduced Year reported as rice pest

Purpose of Introduction

Pet Food Revenue Other purposes

Species determination

P. canaliculata P. insularum P. paludosa

Other species (

Pila

spp.)

CAMBODIA KOREA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMA

1995 1991 + + + + + + 1986 2002 + + ?

?

?

?

1981 2000 + + + + + + 1982-1983 1988 + + + ?

?

?

+ 1988 1993 ?

?

?

+ + + 1989 1993 + + + ?

?

?

+ ?

2001 ?

?

?

+ + + -

Legend

+: Present -: Absent ?: not clear

Utilization of GAS in S.E Asia

USAGE CAMBODIA KOREA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMA

Liquid bio-fertilizer/compost Duck/fish/Prawn/Chicken feed Python, shrimp farm Food for human beings Gift sovenoirs Baits for rats and bugs Paddy weeding + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Control Tactics

Cultural

Transplant older seedlings Construct small canalets in paddies Install screens at water inlets Manual collection Collect and crush eggmasses Place bamboo stakes Additional seedlings Dry ploughing after harvest Plant vegetables (to keep land dry) Adjust 0-3 cm water level from sowing to 15 days after sowing

CAMBODIA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMA

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Control Tactics

CAMBODIA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMA Insecticide/fungicide

Endosulfan Cartap (Padan) Copper sulphate Lime before transplanting + + + + + + + +

CAMBODIA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMA Synthetic Molluscicides

Metaldehyde Niclosamide + + + + + +

Control Tactics

CAMBODIA INDONESIA THAILAND Plant Molluscicides/Attractant

Dragonbone plant (whole chopped) Rotex 5% WP (Rotenone)

Ocimum basilicum

(leaves) Castor (leaves) Papaya (leaves/stems) Cassava (leaves/stems) Jackfruit (skin/filaments) Taro (leaves)

Nerium oleander

(leaves) Saponin (waste product of tea plant)

Blumea balsamia

(leaves)

Derris eliptica

(roots) Tobacco Pinang

(Areca catechu)

(seeds) Rerak (

Sapindinus reack )

(fruits)

Melia azederach

(grains) + Pig bran Neem (dry leaves/dry seeds/fresh seeds) Water convolvulus Protek Dewdrops

(Datura repens)-

ethanol extract

Ammannia baccifera-

ethanol extract Soapberry (

Sapindus emerginatus

) ethanol extract + + + + + + + + + +

VIETNAM

+ + + + + + + + + + + +

LAOS BURMA

Control Tactics

CAMBODIA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM Quarantine/Legislative

Ban import/raising Public awareness campaign Mass Information Campaigns (yearly) + + + + + + + + + +

LAOS BURMA CAMBODIA INDONESIA THAILAND Biological control agents

Ducks Black ants Rats Snakes Fish: Common carp Fish: Black carp Fish: Hybrid catfish Fish: Nile tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus)

Fish: Silver barb

(Puntius gonionotus)

Fish: Mujaer (Oreochromis mossambicus) Fish:

(Pristolepis fasciatus)

Fish:

(Anabas testudineus)

Bird: Greater coucal

(centropus sinensis)

Insect: Water bug

(Sphaerodema molestum)

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

VIETNAM

+ + + + + + +

LAOS BURMA

Current Studies Done on GAS

STUDIES Basic Studies

Pest status on DSR/TPR Plant loss Snail size relationship to damage Distinguish GAS and NAS Soil-type related mortality Weather-related mortality Off-season survival Feeding behavior Sex ratio

Applied Studies

Infested areas determined by GIS Effect of Dragonbone plant Liquid bio-fertlizer preparation Animal farm feed for ducks Evaluation of natural enemies Attactiveness of botanical leaves Effect of botanicals on GAS mortality Effect of pesticides on GAS mortality Farmer training on management

CAMBODIA KOREA INDONESIA THAILAND VIETNAM LAOS BURMA

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

     

Common Difficulties/ Constraints in GAS Management

Taxonomic confusion of

Pomacea

resolved by molecular approaches.

spp. complex need to be The information exchange on GAS needs to be strengthened on applesnail.net internet website through cooperative efforts. Timely community actions are rarely practiced to reduce GAS build-up. Thus there is a need to demonstrate the integrated approach to GAS management.

Lack of viable technologies to manage GAS in flood-prone areas and direct-seeded rice.

Very few information on the effect of botanical molluscicides on non-target organisms.

Choice of non-specific pesticides still preferred by farmers because of immediate kill, followed by ease of application then cost and last efficacy.

T

h a n

k

y

o u !

!

!

Yeah, let’s do it together!!!

Let’s continue to cooperate, collaborate & network!