Transcript VEHICLE FUELS AND EMISSIONS IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO

VEHICLE FUELS AND
EMISSIONS IN SERBIA AND
MONTENEGRO
Dragoslava Stojiljkovic, Ph.D.Mech.Eng.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Fuels and Combustion Lab.
COUNTRY PROFILE
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Territory
Population
GDP
102.173 s.km
8.06 millions
1,450 USD
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
ENERGY IMPORT
CRUDE OIL - PRODUCTION
domestic
18%
import
82%
LIQUID FUELS - CONSUMPTION
transport
61%
other
13%
power plants
8%
industry
18%
TRANSPORT – FUEL COSUMPTION
REFINERY
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Two refineries:
Oil Refinery Novi Sad (ORNS)
 Oil Refinery Pancevo (ORP)
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Total capacity
7,8 Mt till 1999. year (ORNS – 3 Mt, ORP – 4,8 Mt)
 6,6 Mt after 1999. year (ORNS – 1,8 Mt, ORP – 4,8 Mt)
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FUEL DISTRIBUTION
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NIS (Jugopetrol & Naftagas)
500+1600 (internal) pump stations
 8 filling stations for fuel distribution
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Beopetrol (Lukoil)
200 pump stations
 10 filling stations for fuel distribution
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Jugopetrol Kotor
FUEL QUALITY LEGISLATION
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Regulation for technical and all other requests for
liquid fuel produced from oil – Off. Journal of SRJ
64/2000
Regulation for technical and all other requests for
liquid fuel produced from oil – Off. Journal of Serbia
and Montenegro 51/2004
PRODUCTS - GASOLINE
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Leaded Gasoline
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Normal MB 86
Regular MB 92
Premium MB 95
Super MB 98
Unleaded Gasoline
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Euro Premium BMB 95
Euro Regular BMB 92
Premium BMB 95
Regular BMB 92
PRODUCTS – DIESEL OIL
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Diesel Oil
Diesel Oil D2
 Diesel Oil D2S
 Diesel Oil D1E
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Euro Diesel Oil
Euro Diesel Oil
 Euro Diesel F
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LEADED GASOLINE MB 95
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RON
MON
lead content (mg/l)
density at 15oC (kg/m3)
benzene content (% (v/v))
sulphur content (mg/kg)
oxygen content (% (m/m))
min 95
min 83
max 400
recorded
max 5
max 1000
max 2,7
LEADED GASOLINE MB 95
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distillation
E100 (% (v/v))
 E150 (% (v/v))
 FBP (oC)
 Residue (% (v/v))
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46,0 - 71,0
min 75,0
max 210
max 2
vapor pressure (kPa)
winter (01.10.-31.03.)
 summer (01.04.-30.09)
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50,0 - 80,0
45,0 - 60,0
UNLEADED GASOLINE BMB 95
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according JUS EN 228
except some characteristics till 31.12.2005.
MON
min 83
lead content (mg/l)
max 13
density at 15oC (kg/m3)
max 780
benzene content (% (v/v))
max 5
sulphur content (mg/kg)
max 650
DIESEL OIL D2
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density (kg/m3)
distillation - 95% (v/v) point (oC)
viscosity (mm2/s)
sulphur content (mg/kg)
cetane index
water content (mg/kg)
max 860
max 375
2,0 - 9,0
max 10000
min 45
max 500
EURO DIESEL
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according JUS EN 590
sulphur content (ppm)
max 350
FUEL QUALITY CONTROL
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at the exit from the refineries
several laboratories for fuel quality control
the special inspection for fuel quality control in the
Ministry of Trade
the problem lies in the chain between the refineries
and customer tank – many forbiden operations take
place during the transportation and at the pump
station
FUEL PRICE (SERBIA)
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leaded gasoline MB95
leaded gasoline MB98
unleaded gasoline BMB95
diesel fuel D2
euro diesel
1 euro = 83 din
 1 USD = 68 din
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74,10 din/l
82,50 din/l
74,10 din/l
61,90 din/l
67,00 din/l
FUEL PRICE (MONTENEGRO)
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leaded gasoline MB95
unleaded gasoline BMB95
diesel fuel D2
euro diesel
1,02 euro
1,04 euro
0,88 euro
0,92 euro
VEHICLES
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total number
passenger car
gasoline
 diesel
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LDV
HDV
bus
1.801.000
1.510.000
1.057.000
453.000
146.000
133.000
12.000
VEHICLES AGING
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restricted import of vehicles over six years
VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSION
CONTROL
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control of exhaust emission is the responsibility of
the vehicle technical control
vehicle tests are not very rigorous
500 stations for vehicle testing
exhaust test failed about 5 % of total number of
tested vehicles (officially)
TRANSPORT - PROBLEMS
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old vehicle fleet
inadequate maintenance of vehicles
widespread use of old vehicles without catalytic converters
poor enforcement of the Regulation on Exhaust Emissions
from Motor Vehicles
insufficient use of gas and alternative fuels
dominant road transport
insufficient road network, especially for the increasing
volume of traffic
AIR QUALITY (SERBIA)
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Ministry of Science and Environment – Directorate for
Environmental Protection is responsible institution
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management
 Ministry of Economy
 Ministry of Health
 Ministry for Capital Investments
 Ministry for Mining and Energy
 Ministry of Trade, Tourism and Services
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AIR QUALITY (SERBIA)
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Directorate for Environmental Protection and
Sustainable Development (Vojvodina)
Institute for Nature Protection
Hydro-Meteorology Institute
Public Health Institutes
AIR QUALITY (SERBIA)
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Legal acts
Law on environmental protection (Off. Jour. Of RS 135/04)
 Law on IPCC
 Law on environmental impact assessment
 Regulations
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AIR QUALITY (MONTENEGRO)
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Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical
Planning
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management
 Ministry of Economy
 Ministry of Health
 Ministry of Transportation
 Ministry of Tourism
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AIR QUALITY
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data od annual emission of pollutants in ambient air
from transport are not available
assumption:
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road transport accounts for 80 dB noise level, 90 % of
CO, 80 % of benzene, 50 % of NOx, 50 % of Pb, 10 % of
NO2, 40 % of HC, 15 % of CO2
CONCLUSIONS – FUEL QUALITY
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Reconstruction of refineries
Liberalization of the automotive fuels market
Strengthening the inspection
Strengthening of the non-governmental laboratories
Modernization of the laboratories
Adoption of new standards
Adopt the year for bans use of leaded gasoline
Adoption of the programme for promotion of environment
friendly fuels, especially bioethanol and biodiesel
CONCLUSIONS – VEHICLE EMIISION
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Improve the maintenance of vehicles
Change the structure of vehicle aging through
different programme
Strengthening the control of exhaust emission as a
part of vehicle technical control
Improve road transport
Adoption the emission limit values for motor
vehicles according to the Directives (EU)
CONCLUSIONS – AIR QUALITY
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Harmonization of the emission and imission
regulation with the EU
Upgrade the monitoring system of air pollution from
transport
Modernization of the laboratories and network