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Urban Forest Hurricane Recovery Program http://treesandhurricanes.ifas.ufl.edu Selecting Tropical and Subtropical Tree Species for Wind Resistance Eliana Kampf Mary Duryea • • • • • Study Methodology Results Lists of wind resistance Recommendations for a healthy urban forest Hurricanes Measured in Study Funding: FL DOT and DOF, USDA Forest Service Georgia Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Rita 120 mph 2005 Puerto Rico Katrina 125 mph 2005 Georges 110 mph 1998 Ivan 130 mph 2004 Erin 85 mph 1995 Opal 125 mph 1995 Dennis 120 mph 2005 Florida Charley 145 mph 2004 Jeanne 120 mph 2004 Andrew 165 mph 1992 • SE Coastal Plain • Subtropical & Tropical Methodology • Urban neighborhoods randomly chosen • • • • at point of landfall All trees along streets were measured Standing, leaning or fallen Measured dbh, height for palms Defoliation, branch damage Wind and Trees Survey • Surveyed 240 arborists, urban foresters, • forest scientists Asked them to rank 160 tree species for wind resistance Results Hurricane Charley (145 mph) 100 90 Survival (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tree species * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS ** Prohibited in Florida *** Caution: manage to prevent escape Results Hurricane Charley (145 mph) Branches Lost (Mean %) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tree species * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS ** Prohibited in Florida Survival (Recalculated) (%) Results Hurricane Charley (145 mph) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Tree species * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS ** Prohibited in Florida *** Caution: manage to prevent escape Dicots Gumbo Limbo Black olive 89% survival in Charley 84% survival in Andrew 57% survival in Charley 68% survival in Andrew Oaks in North FL Survival (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 Erin (85 mph) Dennis (120 mph) Sand live oak Opal (125 mph) Live oak Ivan (130 mph) Laurel Dicots Oaks in South FL No statistical difference for Jeanne and Charley: survival branch loss re-calculated survival Dicots Palms Usually more resistant to winds than dicots Charley: 88% palms vs. 77% others Jeanne: 86% palms vs. 76% others Sabal, Manila, areca and pigmy date palms had ≥ 89% survival after hurricanes Charley, Jeanne, Georges and Andrew Palms Wind Speed (mph) 110 120 145 165 Survival (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 Sabal Royal Washington Coconut Queen Conifers Bald cypress Charley: 95% survival Sand pine Jeanne: only 4% survival Erin: 61% survival Opal: 58% survival Conifers S. FL slash pine Jeanne: 90% survival Charley: 79% survival Andrew: 73% survival Longleaf pine Charley: 57% survival Ivan: 59% survival Erin: 90% survival Opal: 94% survival Conifers Continue to die after hurricanes S. FL slash: lost an additional 27% Longleaf: lost an additional 48% Native vs. Exotic Trees Survival (%) 100 80 NS NS **** **** **** **** 60 **** 40 20 0 Jeanne Andrew Charley Hurricane Native species Exotic species Georges Lists of Wind Resistance • 85 surveys (35%) were returned • Combining: • our study results • survey • scientific literature Wind and Trees Survey – Results Wind Resistance Scientific Name Common Name High Medium Low n % n % n % Total n Chrysobalanus icaco cocoplum 18 78 5 22 0 0 23 Magnolia grandiflora SE magnolia 45 82 9 16 1 2 55 Quercus geminata sand live oak 36 92 2 5 1 3 39 Quercus laurifolia laurel oak 3 4 27 57 69 Quercus virginiana live oak 64 89 8 11 0 0 72 Tabebuia chrysotrica golden trumpet 2 7 5 18 21 71 28 Taxodium ascendens pond cypress 41 91 4 9 0 0 41 Taxodium distichum bald cypress 59 91 6 9 0 0 65 Roystonea elata royal palm 19 56 10 29 5 15 34 Sabal palmetto cabbage palm 71 99 1 1 0 0 72 5 10 17 57 51 Syagrus romanzoffiana queen palm * statistically significant 39 39 33 29 Highest Wind Resistance Dicots Bursera simaruba, gumbo limbo Carya floridana, FL scrub hickory Conocarpus erectus, buttonwood Chrysobalanus icaco, cocoplum Cordia sebestena, geiger tree Eugenia axillaris, white stopper Eugenia confusa, redberry Eugenia foetida, boxleaf stopper Ilex cassine, dahoon holly Krugiodendron ferreum, ironwood Lagerstroemia indica, crape myrtle Podocarpus spp, podocarpus Guaiacum sanctum, lignum vitae Magnolia grandiflora, southern magnolia Quercus virginiana, live oak Quercus geminata, sand live oak Conifers Taxodium distichum, baldcypress Taxodium ascendens, pondcypress Palms Butia capitata, pindo Dypsis lutescens, areca Coccothrinax argentata, FL silver Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, bottle Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, spindle Latania loddigesii, blue latan c Livistona chinensis, Chinese fan Phoenix canariensis, Canary Island date Medium-High Wind Resistance Dicots Annona glabra, pond apple c Calophyllum calaba, Brazilian beautyleaf Chrysophyllum oliviforme, satinleaf Coccoloba uvifera, sea grape Coccoloba diversifolia, pigeon plum Liquidambar styraciflua, sweetgum Lysiloma latsiliquum, wild tamarind Magnolia virginiana, sweetbay magnolia Nyssa sylvatica, black tupelo Sideroxylon foetidissimum, mastic Simarouba glauca, paradise tree Swietenia mahagoni, mahogany Palms Caryota mitis, fishtail Cocos nucifera, coconut Dypsis decaryi, triangle Roystonea elata, royal Fruit Trees Litchi chinensis, lychee Phoenix dactylifera, date b Phoenix reclinata, Senegal date Phoenix roebelenii, pygmy date Ptychosperma elegans, Alexander Sabal palmetto, cabbage Thrinax morrisii, key thatch Thrinax radiata, Florida thatch Adonidia merrillii, Manila a Prohibited in Florida b Invasive and not recommended in Florida c Caution: may be used but must be managed to prevent escape in Florida (Fox et al. 2005) Medium-Low Wind Resistance Dicots Acer rubrum, red maple Bauhinia blakeana, Hong-Kong orchid Bucidas buceras, black olive Callistemon spp, bottlebrush b Cinnamomum camphora, camphor c Delonix regia, royal poinciana Enterolobium cyclocarpum, ear tree c Eriobotrya japonica, loquat Ficus aurea, strangler fig Kigelia pinnata, sausage tree Eucalyptus cinera, silverdollar eucalyptus Quercus laurifolia, laurel oak Myrica cerifera, wax myrtle Persea borbonia, redbay Platanus occidentalis, sycamore Tabebuia heterophylla, pink trumpet tree c Terminalia catappa, tropical almond Conifers Pinus elliottii var. densa, slash pine Pinus palustris, longleaf pine Fruit Trees Averrhoa carambola, star-fruit, carambola Citrus spp, oranges, limes, grapefruit Mangifera indica, mango Dicots Lowest Wind Resistance a Casuarina equisetifolia, Australian pine Cassia fistula, golden shower Chorisia speciosa, floss-silk tree Ficus benjamina, weeping banyan Grevillea robusta, silk oak Jacaranda mimosifolia, jacaranda a Melaleuca quinquenervia, melaleuca Quercus nigra, water oak Peltophorum pterocarpa, yellow poinciana Prunus caroliniana, Carolina laurelcherry a Sapium sebiferum, Chinese tallow Spathodea campanulata, African tuliptree Tabebuia caraiba, silver trumpet tree Ulmus parvifolia, Chinese elm Conifers Araucaria heterophylla, Norfolk Island pine xCupressocyparis leylandii, leyland cypress Juniperus silicicola, southern red cedar Pinus clausa, sand pine Palms c Syagrus romanzoffiana, queen Washingtonia robusta, Washington fan Fruit Trees Persea americana, avocado a Prohibited in Florida b Invasive and not recommended in Florida c Caution: may be used but must be managed to prevent escape in Florida (Fox et al. 2005) Recommendations for a healthy urban forest When Establishing New Trees: • Consider soil depth, water depth and compaction • Give trees adequate aerial space when mature • Plant high quality trees with good structure • Give trees adequate rooting space: • • small trees - at least 3 x 3 m large trees - at least 10 x 10 m • Establish a structural pruning program early on • Plant trees from the highest and medium-high WR lists • Plant trees in groups as opposed to individually • Plant a mixture of species, ages and layers Recommendations for a healthy urban forest When Managing Older Trees: • Remove hazard trees • Have tree health evaluated • Prune trees regularly • Consider removing trees on the lowest WR list • Know the life span of your tree • Be aware of root damage during construction • Consult with a certified arborist or urban forester