Transcript Density by Desire

Transit and Land Use Best Practices
Prepared
by
Virginia Commonwealth University
June 2008
1
Part I:
Bus TOD Best Practices
2
BTOD Case 1:
The Boulder Transit Village, Boulder,
Colorado
3
Project Location
• The project is located at the northeast
corner of Pearl Pkwy and 30th street in
Boulder, Colorado.
4
Aerial Photo
5
Transit Facilities and Services
• Regional Transportation District (RTD) will
develop new transit facilities and services in the
area:
– a bus facility near Pearl Parkway and 30th Street, with
bus rapid transit (BRT) to Denver along U.S. 36 and
enhanced local bus service; and
– a rail stop at the end of Bluff Street for commuter rail
service to Denver and Longmont on existing railroad
tracks currently used for freight.
6
TOD Facts
• 200-300 or more affordable and marketrate residential housing units; and
• supportive commercial uses and possibly a
park-and-ride lot.
7
Project Participants
• Regional Transportation District (RTD)
• City of Boulder
• Private Sector
8
Project Phasing
• A phased approach will be taken for the
following components of implementation: the
city’s funding of key public improvements, the
regulatory aspects of the plan involving land use
and zoning changes, TDM and transportation
connections.
– Phase 1 will occur in the first 10 to 15 years in the
area between 30th Street and the railroad tracks; and
– Phase 2 will generally occur thereafter and focus on
the areas east of the tracks and west of 30th Street.
9
Project Funding
• Funds for site selection, concept planning and
land purchase were provided by the City of
Boulder and RTD. Housing and commercial
project elements will likely be financed by a
future private developer and private/public
partnership. RTD and the City have secured a
Federal $7.8 million grant to fund master
planning, site planning and design and
construction of the first phase regional
bus/BRT transit station. Funding for the future
RTD commuter rail transit facility will be paid for
by RTD FasTracks.
10
Lessons Learned
• It is unnecessary to wait for a private
developer to kick off a TOD project.
Government agencies can also take the
initiative to start a TOD project.
• Bus transit can also create a successful
TOD project. Rail is not the only transit
mode for TOD.
11
BTOD Case 2:
Staples Street Transit Center,
Corpus Christi, Texas
12
Transit Facilities and Services
• The bus transfer station is across the
street from City Hall, Corpus Christi, Texas.
• It serves 14 bus routes and some 5,000
daily transit users. The bus transfer
facility, built in a Spanish-style motif,
features on-site retail offerings and
involves public-private equity participation.
13
Exterior of the Staples Street Transit Center
14
Interior of the Staples Street Transit Center
15
TOD Facts
• This bus transfer center has become a veritable
town square, featuring a weekly farmer’s
market, food concessions, and 1,500 tiles handpainted by local residents and students.
• By all accounts, it has given bus transit a
positive image in Corpus Christi.
• The bus transfer center was the recipient of the
1995 Presidential Design Achievement Award.
16
Project Funding
• The Corpus Christi RTA and its capital
improvements are funded by a 1/2
percent sales tax. A Federal Transit
Administration grant of $800,000 was
utilized for the completion of the Staples
Street Station. FTA’s Livable Communities
funding is being used for pedestrian
improvements to existing transit centers.
17
Lessons Learned
• By making people-friendly improvements
to such transit centers, it is able to reach
beyond the boundaries of building typical
bus stops to the larger goal of helping to
reshape communities.
18
BTOD Case 3:
“NoHo” Arts District, Los
Angeles, California
19
Project Location
• The “NoHo” Arts District is located in
North Hollywood in the San Fernando
Valley, Los Angeles.
20
21
Transit Facilities and Services
• Metro Red Line (Heavy Rail); and
• Metro Orange Line (BRT).
22
23
TOD Facts
• Through the hard work of community stakeholders in
partnership with Los Angeles Neighbourhood Initiative
(LANI) and the Community Redevelopment Agency,
NoHo has transformed from a thoroughfare dotted with
vacant lots to a burgeoning theater district with coffee
shops, restaurants and eclectic retail. In June 2000, the
terminal Metro Red Line subway station opened within
walking distance of this blossoming neighbourhood main
street.
• Medium- and high-density developments are being built
around the Metro Station.
• Condominium towers (including a 15-story building on
Lankershim Blvd) being built in the midst of older onestory bungalows and small apartment complexes.
24
Project Funding
• Funding for $100,000 of transit amenities
came from a Federal Transit
Administration’s Livable Communities
grant.
25
Lessons Learned
• The NoHo bus TOD reveals more about
community development than transit, and
illustrates how one of the greatest powers
of TOD is to serve as a catalyst to achieve
a community’s vision.
• Giving community groups some control
over the funds to be used in their
neighbourhood promoted ongoing public
involvement.
26
BTOD Case 4:
Martin Luther King Jr. East
Busway, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
27
Transit Facilities and Services
• The Martin Luther King Jr. East Busway is
a two-lane dedicated bus-only highway
serving the city of Pittsburgh and many of
its eastern neighborhoods and suburbs.
Total length is 9.1 miles.
• Three Port Authority routes and other
express and suburban Flyer routes utilize
the busway seven days a week.
28
MLK Busway Route Map
29
TOD Facts
• 59 new developments within 1,500 feet
radius of station;
• $302 million in land development benefits
of which $275 million was construction.
80% clustered at station;
• New construction and renovation of
existing buildings;
• Retail, office and residential uses are most
common.
30
BTOD Case 5:
Centre Station/John Deere
Commons
31
Project Location
• Centre Station, 1200 River Drive, Moline,
Illinois 61265
32
Project Location Map
33
Centre Station Photo
34
Transit Facilities and Services
• The Centre Station is a bus transfer center
developed by the Rock Island County
Metropolitan Mass Transit District
(MetroLINK) in Illinois. It consists of a 12bay bus staging area arranged in a
sawtooth pattern at the grade level with
an elevated bus transfer platform.
35
TOD Facts
• The Centre Station in John Deere
Commons contains offices, a convention
center, a Radisson Hotel, a parking
structure, and various pedestrian
amenities
36
Project Participants
• The Rock Island County Metropolitan Mass
Transit District (MetroLINK);
• The United States Department of Transportation,
Federal Transit Administration (FTA);
• The Illinois Department of Transportation
(IDOT);
• The United States Department of Housing and
Urban Development, the Economic Development
Administration (EDA); and
• Deere & Company.
37
BTOD Case 6:
Uptown District, San Diego,
California
38
Project Location
• Uptown District, 1270 Cleveland Avenue,
San Diego.
39
Project Location Map
40
Transit Facilities and Services
• 6 bus routes, 15-minute frequency
41
TOD Facts
• The Uptown district is a 14-acre mixed-use
bus TOD.
• TOD development costs $70 million to
develop and consists of 318 housing units,
145,000 square feet of retail and
commercial space, and a 3,000 square
foot community center.
42
Uptown District Land Use Map
43
Project Photo
44
Project Funding
• The Uptown project was funded by the
City’s redevelopment agency ($9 million)
and by private companies.
45
Lessons Learned
• With strong city leadership, a bus TOD
became an important community asset.
• Uptown is a good example of how to
accommodate the needs of the automobile
and create a well designed, pedestrianfriendly mixed use TOD.
46
BTOD Case 7:
Aspen Neighbourhood, West
Davis, California
47
Transit Facilities and Services
• 5 bus routes, 5 to 25-minute frequency,
and two commuter express routes to
downtown Sacramento.
48
Project Location
• Corner of Arlington Blvd. and Shasta Drive
in West Davis (west of Highway 113),
California.
49
Project Location Map
50
TOD Facts
• Aspen Village: includes 88 units on 4.5 acres (at 20
dwelling units per net acre density), with 230 parking
spaces (2.6/unit).
• Heather Glen Apartments: consists of 62 units on 3.5
acres (a net density of 17 dwelling units (du)/acre), with
124 parking spaces (2 spaces/unit).
• Muir Commons consists of: 26 self contained townhomes
with small yards; a large community building with
commercial-size kitchen, dining room, childrens’
playrooms, large meeting room, and laundry facilities; a
lawn, gardens, and children’s play structure; a
workshop/garage; an orchard; a hot tub; and
landscaped sitting areas.
51
A Bus Stop Photo
52
A Neighborhood Photo
53
Lessons Learned
• This neighbourhood is a successful example of a
suburban bus TOD. There has been very little
community opposition to the attractive and well
maintained medium-density housing complexes.
The private developer has indicated a desire to
include transit in future projects due to the
benefit of reduced traffic and parking problems
in this neighbourhood due to its accessibility to
high-quality transit service, especially for
students.
54
BTOD Case 8:
Benjamin and Marian Schuster
Performing Arts Center, Dayton,
Ohio
55
Project Location
• Second and Main Streets, Dayton, Ohio.
56
Project Location Map
57
Transit Facilities and Services
• Bus services (Routes 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 14) of
the Greater Dayton Regional Transit
Authority.
58
TOD Facts
• The Benjamin and Marian Schuster
Performing Arts Center;
• Restaurants;
• 15 Story Office Tower;
• Condominiums;
• Garden Center (Known as the Winter
Garden); and
• A Penthouse.
59
Project Funding
• The Schusters have donated $8 million
toward the new arts center.
60
Lessons Learned
• This is a typical example of urban TOD,
which has a great potential to boost bus
ridership.
61
BTOD Case 9:
Adelaide Busway, Adelaide,
Australia
62
Project Location
• Adelaide, Australia
63
Project Location
Map
64
Transit Facilities and Services
• At 12 kilometres long, the Adelaide OBahn (track-guided bus) is the longest and
fastest guided bus service in the world,
travelling at speeds up to 100km/hour.
• Currently, there are 22,000 passenger
trips daily (8 million a year).
• Adelaide Metro operates the busway.
65
O-Bahn Technology
66
TOD Facts
• In the early 1990s, the site of a new
regional college campus was relocated to
Tea Tree Gully (busway’s terminus);
• A medical complex has also sprung up
nearby; and
• Some degree of clustered, station-area
development has occurred.
67
Lessons Learned
• Adelaide’s O-Bahn has proven to be a
sensible choice for serving low-density,
auto-oriented markets. By blending the
speed and safety of light rail transit with
the inherent flexibility and efficiencies of
bus transit, the O-Bahn system has been
successful. Its ridership continues to
increase, even though regional transit
patronage has fallen.
68
BTOD Case 10:
Brisbane South East Busway,
Brisbane, Australia
69
Project Location
• Brisbane, Australia
70
Project Location Map
71
Transit Facilities and Services
• The 17-kilometer (10.5-mile) South East
Busway extends from the Brisbane Central
Business District to the southern suburb of
Eight Mile Plain, adjacent to the South
East Freeway. The $400 million-busway
includes 10 attractively designed stations
and a bus operations center.
• Daily ridership approximates 60,000.
72
Brisbane South East Busway Photo
73
TOD Facts
• Up to 20% gain in property values near
the busway. Property values in area within
6 miles of station grew by 2 to 3 times
faster than those at greater distance
74
BTOD Case 11:
Curitiba BRT, Brazil
75
Project location
• Curitiba, Brazil
76
Location of Curitiba in Brazil
77
Transit Facilities and Services
• Bus rapid transit operates on the five main
arterials leading into the center of the city
like spokes on a wheel hub.
• Tube stations serve the dual purpose of
providing shelter from the elements, and
facilitate the simultaneous loading and
unloading of passengers.
78
BRT Routes in Curitiba
79
BRT Tube Stations in Curitiba
80
TOD Facts
• BRT limited central area growth, while
encouraging commercial growth along the
transport arteries radiating out from the
city center. The city center was partly
closed to vehicular traffic, and pedestrian
streets were created. Linear development
along the arteries reduced the traditional
importance of the downtown area.
81
Lessons Learned
• Curitiba’s BRT successes were due to careful
planning, smart decision making, and inspired
leadership;
• Curitiba took many innovative measures: the
creation of trinary roads, introduction of zoning
bonuses, and initiation of direct-line services that
tie into boarding tubes; and
• Curitiba also kept things simple. Curitiba set off
with a small set of realistic long-range goals.
82
BTOD Case 12:
Ottawa Transitway
83
Project Location
• Ottawa, Canada
84
Ottawa Busway Route Map
85
Transit Facilities and Services
• Using a dedicated busway, Ottawa has achieved
many advantages of a rail-based rapid transit
system, with an added bonus: vehicles can leave
and return to the guideway, thus reducing the
need to transfer.
• In 1998, Ottawa’s bus-only guideway connects
more than 200,000 daily passengers to the
region’s urban centers. Nearly three-quarters of
all peak-hour trips headed to downtown Ottawa
are by a transit.
86
Ottawa Busway Photo
87
TOD Facts
• $1 Can billion ($US 675 million) in new
construction at transitway stations.
88
Lessons Learned
• The bus-based Transitway system was the
right choice for the Ottawa-Carleton
region. It provides a high level of service
to the predominantly low-density
residences of the region, while also
providing a focus for channeling future
employment and commercial growth.
89
Part II:
Rail TOD Best Practices
90
RTOD Case 1:
Columbia Pike Streetcar Project
91
Project Location
• Arlington and Fairfax Counties, Virginia
92
Project Location Map
93
Transit Facilities and Services
• Streetcar technology;
• Five mile connection between Skyline and
Pentagon City;
• Six-minute service;
• Service augmented with Metro buses
during peak periods.
94
Streetcar Technology
95
TOD Facts
• Include a mixture of community- and
neighbourhood-serving retail, office,
residential, and recreational/cultural uses
developed with a pedestrian scale and
character. New mixed-use projects would
create a distinct new identity and provide
future access to multi-modal transit
options.
96
RTOD Case 2:
Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor
97
Project Location
• Arlington County, Virginia
98
99
Transit Facilities and Services
• Five Metro Rail stations in the corridors.
• Transit operator is the Washington
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
(WMTA).
100
TOD Facts
• Over 21 million square feet of office, retail,
and commercial space;
• more than 3,000 hotel rooms; and
• almost 25,000 residences,
101
Corridor Development Patterns
1970
2000
Office (sf)
6.7 million
30 million
Retail (sf)
.6 million
4.1 million
5,300
26,500
27,000
120,000
1:5
1:4.6
Housing Units
Jobs
Housing/Jobs Balance
102
Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor Photo
103
Lessons Learned
• Think big and involve all stakeholders in
dialogue;
• Take your time on the big “framework” decisions.
Once the framework is set, stick to it;
• Have high expectations;
• Plan well;
• Be patient;
• Maintain integrity of plan;
• Be consistent;
• Density can motivate the private sector.
104
RTOD Case 3:
South End TOD
105
Project Location
• Charlotte, North Carolina
106
Project Location Map
107
Transit Facilities and Services
• Light rail operated by the Charlotte Area
Transit System; and
• Light rail stations in the South End
District: Carson Boulevard, Rensselaer
Avenue and East Boulevard.
108
TOD Facts
• The overall vision for South End is to
become a vibrant, historic, pedestrianoriented urban district focused around a
multi-modal transportation corridor that
serves pedestrians, bicyclists, bus transit,
trolley, light rail, and motorists, and is a
community gathering place for Wilmore
and Dilworth.
109
RTOD Case 4:
Mockingbird Station TOD
110
Project Location
• Dallas, Texas
111
Project Location Map
112
Transit Facilities and Services
• Light rail operated by the Dallas Area
Rapid Transit.
• Mockingbird Station is located 4 miles
north of downtown Dallas.
113
Mockingbird Station Photo
114
TOD Facts
• The assemblage of offices, shops,
restaurants, and lofts near the station cost
around $145 million;
• It includes 211 upscale loft residences,
140,000 square feet of office space, and
180,000 square feet of destination and
convenience retail, theaters, and
restaurants.
115
RTOD Case 5:
Englewood CityCenter TOD
116
Project Location
• Englewood, Colorado
117
Transit Facilities and Services
• Light Rail
118
TOD Facts
119
Lessons Learned
• The public sector was willing to invest
substantial public resources and was focused on
the goals of reinvigorating the community and
establishing a development with long-term
financial viability.
• The city made a strategic investment to relocate
civic facilities to the CityCenter area, helping to
encourage private-sector investment.
120
RTOD Case 6:
Orenco Station Town Center
121
Project Location
• Hillsboro, Oregon
122
Transit Facilities and Services
• Light Rail operated by Portland Tri-Met.
123
TOD Facts
• TOD will encompass 450 to 500 attached town
homes and detached homes along with 1,400
luxury apartment units. One of the community’s
focal points will be a town center that will
initially feature 25,000 square feet of retail
space, with 22 apartments or lofts above retail
establishments and 24 live-work town homes.
An additional 30,000 square feet of retail space
will be available for future development.
124
125
126
RTOD Case 7:
Bethesda Metro Center
127
Project Location
• Bethesda, Maryland
128
Project Location Map
129
Transit Facilities and Services
• Metro rail operated by the Washington
Metropolitan Area Transit Authority.
130
Metro Bethesda Station Photo
131
TOD Facts
•
•
•
•
Some 400,000 square feet of office space;
A 380-room Hyatt Hotel;
60,000 square feet of retail space;
The air-rights lease at the Bethesda
Station generates $1.6 million annually in
rents.
132
Metro Bethesda Station TOD Photo
133
RTOD Case 8:
Lindbergh City Center
134
Project Location
• 2424 Piedmont Road
Atlanta, GA 30324
135
Project Location Map
136
Transit Facilities and Services
• This is the second busiest station in the
MARTA system, handling an average of
23,400 boardings per weekday.
• Intersection of North-South Line and
Northeast-South Line.
• Connections: GRTA, Royal Bus Lines
buses.
137
Lindbergh City Center Photo
138
TOD Facts
• Some 1.3 million square feet of office space,
retail shops, and a hotel, plus residential
condominiums, are slated for an 11-acre parkand-ride lot;
• A pedestrian-friendly Main Street, featuring retail
shops and restaurants, will bridge over the rail
station into a multifamily residential district.
• One of Atlanta’s largest companies, BellSouth,
will be the project’s anchor tenant.
139
RTOD Case 9:
Dadeland North and South
140
Project Location
• Miami, Florida
141
Project Location Map
142
Transit Facilities and Services
• Metro rail operated by Miami-Dade Transit
Authority.
• Daily ridership = 67,000.
143
TOD Facts
• The joint development projects at
Dadeland North and South currently yield
$800,000 in annual lease revenues.
• The agency is currently seeking to enter
into deals with private interests to develop
11 agency-owned properties.
144
Datran Center Office Towers
145
RTOD Case 10:
Ohlone-Chynoweth TOD
146
Project Location
• San Jose, California
147
Project Location Map
148
Transit Facilities and Services
• Light rail operated by Santa Clara Valley
Transportation Authority (VTA).
• Ohlone-Chynoweth station is located at
the junction of Alum Rock-Santa Teresa
Line and Almaden Shuttle.
149
Ohlone-Chynoweth Station Photo
150
TOD Facts
• 330 units of affordable housing, targeted to people
making between 30% and 60% of the area median
income;
• 40 park-and-ride spaces;
• total project cost of $31.6 million,
• including $14.5 million in tax-exempt bonds, $10.5
million in tax credit equity, a
• $5.2 million loan from the City to support affordable
housing, $824,000 in federal
• transportation funds for improvements, a $500,000
Affordable Housing grant,
• and $350,000 State Proposition 1 funds to reimburse the
school fee.
151
TOD Financing
• Total project cost of $31.6 million.
– $14.5 million in tax-exempt bonds
– $10.5 million in tax credit equity
– $5.2 million loan from the City to support
affordable housing
– $824,000 in federal transportation funds for
improvements,
– $500,000 Affordable Housing grant
– $350,000 State Proposition 1 funds to
reimburse the school fee.
152
RTOD Case 11:
The Tide - Norfolk's Future Light Rail
Transit System
153
154
Transit Facilities and Services
• $232 million project;
• Extend 7.4 miles from the Eastern Virginia
Medical Center through downtown Norfolk, and
continuing along the Norfolk Southern Right of
Way, adjacent to the I-264 corridor to Newtown
Road;
• 11 stations;
• The project sponsor is Hampton Roads Transit
(HRT), the region's sole transit provider.
155
Project Status
• Construction is under way;
• Will be operational by 2010.
156