Transcript Chapter 19 - Gainesville ISD
Chapter 19 Living in North Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia Today
Chapter 19:1 Objectives
• 1. Discuss how physical geography affects farming and fishing in North Africa, Southwest Asia and Central Asia.
• 2. List the region’s important industries.
• 3. Explain how improvements in transportation and communications are changing life in the region.
Terms to Know
• arable • commodity • petrochemical • gross domestic product (GDP) • hajj • embargo
Drawing from Experience
• Would you say that your lifestyle depends on the use of oil and oil products?
• Why or why not?
• Most of the world’s oil is found in North Africa, Southwest Asia and Central Asia.
• This section focuses on the economic activities, transportation, communications, and interdependence of the region.
Introduction
• North Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia hold great oil reserves. The oil industry is important in the region’s economy.
• The regions improved transportation and communications link it with the world.
•
What industry is important in the region?
Meeting Food Needs
• The challenge is producing food for a rapidly growing population.
• Poor soil and unreliable rain produce small amounts of food.
• Rich oil-producing countries can import food while, • other countries like Afghanistan must grow their own.
• Sometimes irrigation can be used.
• Not much land is suitable for farming but, • a large part of the population is engaged in agriculture.
• Citrus fruits, grapes and olives are major crops in the Mediterranean climates.
• Grains, cotton and livestock grow on farms in Central Asia.
• Fish are an important food source in coastal areas of the region.
Industrial Growth
• The region has about 70% of the world’s oil supply and 33% of the world’s natural gas reserves.
• Petroleum and oil products are the main export
commodities
, or economic goods in the region.
• Other industries use petrochemicals – products made from petroleum or natural gas – to make fertilizers, medicines, plastics, and paints.
• Copper and coal are mined in Central Asia.
• In North Africa, Morocco is the world’s largest exporter of phosphate used in agricultural fertilizers.
Two Major Service Industries
• • financial • tourism • Banking, real estate, and insurance account for most of Bahrain’s gross domestic produce (GDP).
GDP is the value of goods and services produced in a country in a year.
• Tourism is popular in North Africa and Southwest Asia because of their historical importance.
• Millions of visitors tour religious sites each year.
• Christians and Jews tour Israel, Jordan and other countries in the region.
• Muslims make a
hajj,
or yearly pilgrimage, to Makkah (Mecca).
Petra, Jordan – tourist destination
Petra Treasury
Royal Tombs
• AIRLINES connect countries within the region and with the rest of the world.
• WATERWAYS and ports on the Black and Mediterranean Seas allow ships to load and unload cargo.
• Channels such as the
Strait of Hormuz
are used by oil tankers to transport oil from the region.
Transportation
• ROAD systems in Iran, Turkey and Egypt connect major cities with oil fields and seaports.
• RAILROADS connect cities with rural areas. • Mass transit systems have been built in urban areas to ease traffic jams.
• The
Suez Canal
, a major human-made waterway lying between the Sinai Peninsula and the rest of Egypt, enables ships to pass from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
• PIPELINES transport oil and natural gas overland to ports on the Mediterranean and Red Seas and the Persian Gulf.
Why is the Suez Canal Important?
Suez Canal
Red Sea
Communications
• a. Television & radio • b. satellite technology • c. telephone • d. computer and internet • e. telecommunications cable was laid along the Silk Road.
• This cable provides 20 countries with communications services.
Interdependence
• Interdependence has increased as the more developed countries help the less developed.
OPEC
• Eight of the region’s countries: • Algeria • Libya • Iran • Iraq • Kuwait • Saudi Arabia and • UAE (United Arab Emirates)
• • belong to the 11 member OPEC organization,
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
• Because other countries depend heavily on the region’s oil, OPEC countries have considerable influence in the world.
Embargo
• Sometimes OPEC places an embargo, or restriction, on oil shipped to industrialized countries, causing oil prices to rise.
• In 1999 OPEC forced oil prices to rise by decreasing oil production. (supply & demand)
Key Points
• Although North Africa, Southwest Asia and Central Asia have limited arable land, a relatively large percentage of the region’s people work in agriculture.
• The oil-producing countries in the region have experienced greater economic growth than other countries in the region.
• Expanded and more advanced transportation and communications systems are helping connect the region’s urban and economic centers with one another and with the world.
• Interdependence is increasing among the countries of the region, especially in controlling oil production and prices.
Chapter 19:2 Objectives
• 1. Describe how the peoples in North Africa, Southwest Asia and Central Asia have dealt with scarce water resources.
• 2. Discuss the causes and effects of environmental problems in the region.
• aquifer
Terms to Know
• desalination
Drawing From Experience
• Is freshwater in your area scarce?
• Why or why not?
• In the last section, you read about economic activity in North Africa, Southwest Asia and Central Asia.
• This section focuses on the environmental challenges facing the region.
Introduction
• Human actions in North Africa, Southwest Asia and Central Asia threaten the environment.
• These actions include oil spills, urbanization, and overuse of water supplies.
The Need for Water
• Freshwater is scarce in the region.
• About 97% of the world’s water is saltwater.
• 2% of the earth’s freshwater is frozen.
• That leaves 1% of the freshwater available for human use.
• This region gets its water from rivers, oases and underground aquifers.
Desalination
• a way to remove salt from seawater and make it fresh • Many countries depend on desalination for their freshwater supply.
• It’s very expensive.
Libya’s Great Man-Made Lake
• While drilling for oil they discovered water!
• This underground aquifer was huge.
• Libya created a lake with the water that is being pulled out.
• Some scientists are afraid these pipelines will drain the aquifer.
• Some are afraid that pumping water from the aquifers will draw in saltwater from the sea and ruin the freshwater.
Libya’s Great Man-Made Lake
Gadhafi (former Libyan ruler) & Obama
Question
• What are some solutions to the freshwater scarcity in the region?
Environmental Concerns
• Environmental concerns have grown in the region in recent decades because of new technologies and destructive wars.
Aswan High Dam in Egypt
• In 1970 the Aswan High Dam was completed.
• It controls the Nile River’s flood, irrigates 3 million acres of land and supplies almost 50% of Egypt’s electrical power.
• The dam has also created an artificial lake to help the fishing industry.
• However, because of the dam the river no longer deposits fertile soil along the riverbanks.
• Instead, the dam traps the soil.
• To grow crops, farmers must now use expensive fertilizers.
• Parasite-related diseases have increased near the dam.
Aswan High Dam
New dam/old dam
Persian Gulf War (1990)
• The war had disastrous effects on the environment.
• Iraqi troops set fire to oil wells, causing smoke to pollute the area.
• The effects of the oil fires threatened millions of birds.
• They also dumped millions of gallons of oil into the Persia Gulf.
• This killed fish and other marine life.
1990 Bush vs. Hussein – Kuwait oil fires
Old Soviet Era Problems
• Central Asia • The Soviet regime polluted these countries.
• They tested nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in Kazakhstan.
• Severe radiation leaks occurred. • Heavy industry in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan polluted the air.
• Infant mortality has increased.
The Caspian Sea
• face severe pollution problems • Pollution and overfishing in the Caspian Sea are killing off sturgeon, an important export in this region.
Caspian Sea
Sturgeon
Caviar
The Dead Sea -- Israel
• water level has dropped • desalination is one cause • used for irrigation • lowest spot on earth • 1388 feet below sea level.
Dead Sea Salt Balls
The Aral Sea
• severe water level drop • water has been drawn away from the rivers that feed the Aral for irrigation • fishing has been almost destroyed • However, they are working hard to restore the Aral.
Sec. 2 Key Points
• Countries in the region have modified their environments to meet people’s needs for water for drinking and irrigation.
• New technologies and destructive wars have subjected the region’s environment to stress.
• People are working to revive areas damaged by past events.
Question
• What environmental problems does this region face today?