Transcript Transfers in Water Resources Planning Transfers Worldwide

A Conversation about
California Water Management:
Past, Present and Future
John A. Dracup
Professor of the Graduate School
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of California, Berkeley
Science Cafe Series @ Cafe Royale
San Francisco, California
Tuesday, August 21, 2007
Outline
• The Past
• The Present
• The Future
• A Summary
Outline
• The past: How California’s major
water projects developed over
time.
The evolution
of
California’s
Major Water
Projects
Source: DWR web page
1. Los Angeles
Aqueduct
Los Angeles AqueductMono Lake and Owens Valley
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Municipal Supply for the city of Los Angeles
Two Aqueducts (1913 and 1970)
Total capacity: 775 ft3/s
Length: 223 and 137 miles
Combination of channels, conduits,
pipelines and tunnels
Jawbone Siphon Owens Valley Aqueduct
The evolution
of
California’s
Major Water
Projects
Source: DWR web page
2. Federal Central
Valley Project
1. Los Angeles
Aqueduct
Central Valley Project (CVP)
• Multi-purpose Project:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Irrigation
Municipal, and Industrial Water
Recreation and Fish and Wildlife
Hydroelectric Power
Flood Control
Water Quality
• Integrated Federal scheme of reservoirs,
dams, canals, power plants, etc.
• Started in 1937
Shasta Dam
The evolution
of
California’s
Major Water
Projects
2. Federal Central
Valley Project
1. Los Angeles
Aqueduct
3. Colorado
River Aqueduct
Source: DWR web page
Colorado River
Aqueduct
Colorado River Basin
Area: 242,900 sq mi
(629,100 km²)
Grand Canyon
Colorado River Aqueduct
• Completed in 1941
• Municipal & Industrial use for MWD service
areas (other cities than LA in So. Cal.)
• Length: 240 miles (386 km)
• Capacity: 1.3 MAF/year
Campaign to
raise funds
The evolution
of
California’s
Major Water
Projects
4. State Water
Project
Source: DWR web page
2. Federal Central
Valley Project
1. Los Angeles
Aqueduct
3. Colorado
River Aqueduct
State Water Project (SWP)
• The SWP is the nation's largest state-built water
and power development and conveyance system
• Operated by the California DWR
• Supplies water for 23 million Californians and
755,000 acres of irrigated farmland
The evolution
of
California’s
Major Water
Projects
5. SF & EB
Supply Projects
4. State Water
Project
Source: DWR web page
2. Federal Central
Valley Project
1. Los Angeles
Aqueduct
3. Colorado
River Aqueduct
San Francisco Supply
• Provides water to 2.4 million
people in San Francisco,
Santa Clara, Alameda and
San Mateo counties
• Completed in 1934
Hetch Hetchy
Reservoir
San Francisco Supply
Tuolomne River
East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD)
• Network of reservoirs, aqueducts, treatment plants, and distribution
facilities
• Extends from its principal water source, the Mokelumne River Basin
in the Sierra Nevada range, 90 miles to the East of the Bay Area
Main Water Treatment Facility &
Cogeneration Plant
Outline
• The Past
• The Present
• The Future
• A Summary
Sources and Supply
(in hm3/yr and percentage)
Source: California Water Plan, 1998
Demand and Uses
• Urban:
• Agriculture:
15.4%
50.1%
• Environmental: 31.1%
• Other
2.8%
Robust Matrix:
Meeting the Needs
Source: California Water Plan (2005 Update)
California Water
Supply/Demand
Imbalance
20 million Californians
have the right to vote to
move the water from North
to South
70% of water
supplies
75% of water
demand
“Over the past 50 years, we have been able to meet our
water demands primarily through an extensive network of
water storage and conveyance facilities, groundwater
development, and, more recently, by improving water use
efficiency”
California Water Plan (2005 Update)
Current
System
Groundwater
Management
Groundwater
Basins Map
Current
System
Groundwater
Management
Status of Groundwater
Management
Sustainable Groundwater
Management
• “Sustainable yield” concept
• Reduce and eliminate overdraft
• Monitoring quantity (well and basin metering)
and quality (protect aquifers from
contamination)
• Explore new treatment technologies for
remediation
Current System
Conjunctive Use
• Operation of a groundwater basin in coordination with a
surface water system to increase total water supply
availability, improving the overall reliability of supplies
- Recharge in years of above-average precipitation
- Groundwater extraction in years of below-average
precipitation when surface water supplies are below normal
Pioneering Water Use Efficiency:
Water pricing in California
• Urban prices: City of Los Angeles, $3.30 per
1000 gallons =
0.91¢/m3
• Agricultural prices: MWD of Southern California,
$241 per acre-foot =
0.21¢/m3
Pioneering Water Efficiency:
Urban use in City of LA
• 1970 to present: 35% increase in population –
7% increase in water use
• Rebates for low water use clothes washers & toilets
• 1.5 million bathroom retrofit kits distributed
• Teacher water conservation workshops
• Xeriscape water saving landscapes
Outline
• The Past & Present
• The Future
• A Summary
Outline
• The Future:
– Challenges
– Integrated Water Management
– Water conservation
– Drought-Proofing
Challenges are more complex
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Population increases
Demand patterns shift
Environmental needs are better understood
Climate change effects become more evident
“It is not the strongest of the species that
survives, nor the most intelligent that survives.
It is the one that is the most adaptable to
change.”
Charles Darwin
(1809-1882)
Integrated Water Management
in Action
• Water conservation
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–
–
–
–
•
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Retrofitting: low flow showers & toilets
Public education
Water use efficiency
Leak reduction
Water recycling
“Drought-proofing” & “drought preparedness”
Off-stream storage
Urban & Agricultural water pricing
Metering of urban households & irrigation wells
Source: California Water Plan (Update 2005)
DWR web page: http://www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/cwpu2005/index.cfm
Water Recycling
in Southern California
• Water Factory 21:
Water Recycling Facility
Secondary recycled water is
injected into the coastal
aquifer, replenishing the
aquifer and creating a barrier
for seawater intrusion
Water Factory 21
Sustainable Irrigation
Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI)
• RDI limits vegetative growth
and enhances water use
efficiency for crop production
– Uses no more water than is
available on a recurring basis
from rainfall over a catchment
– Great potential to contribute
to an increasingly waterefficient horticulture
– Validated on both fruit crops
and wine grapes (quality
improvement)
– Pioneered in Australia
“Off-line” Storage
Diamond Valley Reservoir (MWD)
Water Conservation
60% of “new” water sources
California Water Plan (2005 Update), DWR
Water Conservation
EBMUD Program
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Clothes washer, toilet and landscape rebates
Water usage studies and surveys
Leak repairs
Recycled water projects
Public education, workshops and marketing
East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) Fiscal Year 2005 Annual Report
Water Conservation
EBMUD Program: “Decoupling” Demand
East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) Fiscal Year 2005 Annual Report
Outline
• The Present
• The Future
• Conclusions
Conclusions
• California water system is highly
dependent on large scale water
transfers/reservoirs and conjunctive
use
• Under future climate conditions,
flexible systems “allow management
adjustments or midcourse
corrections without causing major
economic and social disruptions”
Conclusions
• Aggressive water conservation and
recycling methods are effective in
reducing water demands
• Water conservation incorporates
flexibility and adaptability into our
system
Conclusions
• Even though CA has been promoting
aggressive water conservation
programs, a great part of the
additional future water will come
from this source
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