Transcript Cultural Dynamics - Farmer School of Business

Cultural Dynamics
National Differences in Culture
 What
is CULTURE?
– shared system of values and norms that offer a
design for living
 Values:
abstract ideas about what is good, right and
desirable
 Norms: social rules and guidelines that prescribe
appropriate behavior in particular situations
Determinants of Culture
Social Structure
•Group and
individual
•Social classes and
mobility
Religion
Political
Philosophy
Norms/
Values
Economic
Philosophy
Language
•Spoken and silent
Education
Cultural Issues







Technological and Material Culture
Communication and Language
Aesthetics
Education
Religion
Attitudes and Values
Social Organization
Values and Attitudes
Marketing Activities
 Wealth, Material Gain, and Acquisition
 Work Ethic
 Change
 Risk Taking
 Competitiveness
 Status Symbols
 Nationalism

Categorization of Cultures
 Low
Context vs. High Context
 Hofstede’s
•
•
•
•
Dimensions of Culture
Masculine/ Feminine
Risk Avoidance
Power Distance
Individualism/ Collectivism
I. High and Low Context
Cultures
 High
Context Cultures (Japan, Saudi
Arabia)
– Meaning of individual behavior and speed
changes depending on the situation
– Nonverbal messages full of important and
intended meanings, subtle
– Important to “read between the lines”
I. High and Low Context
Cultures
 Low
Context Cultures (USA)
– Intentions are expressed verbally, directly
– Situation is not allowed to change the meaning
of words and behavior
– Straight talk
Factors/
Dimensions
Lawyers
Less Important
Very Important
A Person’s word
Is his or her bond
Responsibility for
organizational error
Space
Taken by highest level
Is not be relied upon,
“get it in writing”
Pushed to lowest level
Time
Negotiations
Country Examples
High Context
Low Context
People breathe on each People carry a bubble
other
of private space with
them
Polycronic – everything Monocronic – time is
in life must be dealt
money
with in term of its own
time
Are lengthy – know
Proceed quickly
each other first
Japan, Middle East
Canada, U.S., Northern
Europe
Silent Languages
 Five
different silent languages
– Time
– Space
– Material possessions
– Friendship patterns (reciprocity)
– Agreements (emphasis on legal contracts)
 All
have important economic implications
II. Hofstede’s Model
Power
Distance: tolerance of inequalities
of intellectual and physical capabilities
Individualism
versus collectivism:
relationship between individual and his or her
fellows
II. Hofstede’s Model
Uncertainty avoidance: acceptance of
ambiguous situations and tolerance of
uncertainty.
 Masculinity versus femininity: identification of
gender and work roles (Japan - HI; Sweden - LO)
 Confucian Dynamics: long term vs short term
orientation

Individualism and Power Distance
Power Distance Index (PDI)
GUA
EQA
COL
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
79
85
91
Small power
distance
High individualism
Figure 3-5
PAN
PAK
IDO VEN
Large power
PER
SAL
TAL
SIN
distance
THA KOR
WAF
CHL
Low individualism
HOK
PHL
YUG
MAL
POR
EAF MEX
PHI
GRE
TUR
URU
BRA ARA
JAM
ira
ARG
JPN
IND
COS
Small power
distance
Low individualism
AUT
ISR
SPA
FIN
GER
NOR
SWI
SWE
IRE
DEN
CAN
NZL
SAF
FRA
BEL
ITA
Large power
distance
High individualism
NET
GBR USA
AUL
11
28
44
61
77
94
111
Source: G. Hofstede, “The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories,” Journal of
International Business Studies 14 (Fall 1983), pp. 75-89.
Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity
Masculinity Index (MAS)
8
16
Weak uncertainty
avoidance
Feminine
24
SIN
JAM
DEN
HOK
SWE
32
MAL
48
56
64
72
80
88
96
104
110
Masculine
5
Figure 3-6
GBR
IRE
IND
PHI
USA
NOR
IDO CAN
SAF
NET
NZL
AUL
EAF
WAF
IRA
FIN
SWI
ARA
THA
GER
TAI
AUT
PAK
BRA
ITA
VEN
COS CHL
FRA ISRCOL
TUR
SPA
MEX
PAN
ARG
KOR
YUG
PER
SAL
BEL
JPN
URU
GUA
POR
Strong uncertainty
GRE
avoidance
40
Strong uncertainty
avoidance
Feminine
Weak uncertainty
avoidance
Masculine
23
41
59
77
95
Source: G. Hofstede, “The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories,” Journal of
International Business Studies 14 (Fall 1983), pp. 75-89.
Hofstede’s Classification of Triad Countries
Japan
North America
W. Europe
(Canada, USA, Great Britain) Northern Continent
Individualism
low
high
high
low
Power
distance
high
low
low
high
Masculinity
high
high
low
high
Risk tolerance
low
high
high
low
Context
high
low
high
low