Nature of Wind - A Beginner's Guide to Structural
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Transcript Nature of Wind - A Beginner's Guide to Structural
Wind Loads:
The Nature of Wind
CE 694R – Fall 2007
T. Bart Quimby, P.E., Ph.D.
UAA Civil Engineering
Quimby & Associates
Methods of Research
Field Observations
FEMA funds recognizance teams to visit disaster sites.
Data collected from field observations has improved with the
advent of video cameras!
Experimental
Wind Tunnel Studies.
Computational
Computation Fluid Mechanics requires huge amounts of
computing capacity.
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The Nature of Wind
Wind is chaotic
Wind speed varies considerably at any given
instant in time.
Wind speed generally increases with height
Gust size varies along wind, across wind,
and vertical
We try to make sense out of this chaos with
general approximations.
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Wind Speed Determination
Wind Maps
Contour maps of basic wind speed expressed in terms of 3
second gust.
The last change to the Alaska map was in ASCE 7-05 when
it was adjusted for change to 3 second gust. No effort was
made to incorporate new Alaskan data.
Generated using probabilistic methods.
Probabilistic methods
Need annual maximum wind speed for 10 or more consecutive
years.
Use Fisher-Tippett Type I simplified procedure given in Simiu &
Scanlan (1986)
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Alaska Wind Speeds
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Measurement of Wind Speed
Old methods measured wind in terms of “fastest-mile”
at 10m (33') above ground at Exposure C.
Current methods of determining wind speed is in
terms of “3- second gust” speed.
Important to know basis for wind speed
Wind speeds used in designs prior to ASCE 7-95 are not directly
comparable to wind speeds in current designs.
75 mph “fastest-mile” = 90 mph “3-second gust”
Hurricane 120 mph “fastest-mile” = 152 mph “3-sec. gust”
See ASCE 7-95 Commentary 6.5.2.
ASCE 7-95 and later uses 3 second gust speeds.
Basic Wind Speed is determined for a 50-yr mean recurrence
interval (MRI).
Can convert to other MRI using ASCE 7-05 Table C6-7.
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ASCE 7-95 Figure C6-1
Converting
Fast Mile
to
3 sec Gust
V3 = Vfm(V3/V3600)/(Vt /V3600)
Convert 90 mph fastest mile to 3 sec gust:
Averaging time, t = (3600 s/hr)/(90 mph) = 40 s/mi
From Chart: V40/V3600 = 1.29
From Chart: V3/V3600 = 1.53
V3 = 90 mph (1.53/1.29) = 107 mph
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Variation of Wind Speed with
Height
Ground obstructions retard the movement of air close
to the ground surface, reducing wind speed
At some height above ground, the movement of air is
no longer affected by ground obstruction. This is
called Gradient Height, Zg, which is function of
surface roughness.
ASCE 7 use an empirical power law equation to
compute the variation in wind speed with height and
surface roughness.
See ASCE 7-05 Commentary 6.5.6.6.
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Topographic Effect
Local abrupt
topography affects
wind near the ground.
Wind speed depends
on shape of hill,
location of building,
and height above
ground
The current procedure
was first presented in
ASCE 7-95
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Wind/Structure Interaction
Aerodynamics: Pressure and Force
Coefficients
Buffeting: Along-Wind Resonance
Only important for flexible structures.
Vortex Shedding
Not included in ASCE 7
Aeroelastic: Galloping, Flutter
Requires wind tunnel testing
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