Transcript THE UTILISATION OF SOLID WASTES as SOLID FUEL in …

THE UTILISATION OF SOLID
WASTES as SOLID FUEL in SOME
EU-COUNTRIES
Presentation to the IEEES International Symposium
Izmir, 14 July 2003
E. Erdin, A. Ürüt, G. Şen, A. Alten
Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering
Department, Dokuz Eylül University, 35160 Buca, Izmir,
Turkey
ABSTRACT
According to regulation 2000/7/EG, it is explored that
whether or not solid wastes(SW) should be used as
additional fuel with conventional fuels for industrial
purposes and also in SW Combustion plants.
According to the regulation the allowable limit to
combust hazardous wastes is %40 as maximum. But
domestic wastes should contribute at higher
percentages. Every EU-member state must adopt
this regulation to its national regulations till
28.12.2002. This paper summarizes the researches
done according to this regulation.
INTRODUCTION
Combustion process will produce hazardous
by-products and emissions, if not practised
properly. According to EU-regulations
combustion products (particles) must be
processed at least for 2 seconds at 800-1,100
Cº. Also all the prevention and protection
precautions must be taken, to not violate air
pollution criteria and threshold limits.
INTRODUCTION
According to new regulations and directives come up
in force at 2004, it is banned to store SW in landfill
areas without processing, and the organic Carbon
content of waste should not exceed %5. Thermically
processing seems to be an appropriate solution,
where SW can be used as additional fuel. In Austria
SW are used as additional fuel in cement, pulp &
paper factories and thermical power plants. Disease
causing and restricted feeds are also combusted in
this plants.
INTRODUCTION
Due to the new and strict regulations in force,
there is a need to handle the Solid Waste
(SW) different than the conventional
methods.
In some EU-countries Domestic Solid Wastes
(DSW) are processed by bio-mechanically in
“dry-stabilat” plants and converted to solid
fuel ( Refuse Derived Fuel) and stored.
Process Definition
(Dry-stabilate)
By biological processing easily biodegradable
parts are degraded, which results in heat and
vapor generation. By removing the vapor the
by-product will be dried.
By mechanical processing inert materials are
removed and the calorific value (CV) of the
product is increased to 15-18 MJ/kg.
Comparison of Coal and Solid Waste processed as
additive fuel (BRAM=RDF)
Parameters
Unit
Primary Fuel, Coal
Min.
Max.
Water
Dry Matter
Calorific Value
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Lead
Cadmium
Crom
Cobalt
Cupper
Nickel
Mercury
Selenium
Thellur
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
% Weight
% Weight
Kj / Kg
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
mg/kg TM
2,0
88,0
21.500
1,0
0,9
20,0
0,4
2,0
6,0
30,0
13,0
0,1
0,9
0,1
0,1
20,0
40,0
12,0
98,0
24.000
99,0
4,0
267,0
10,0
165,0
10,0
45,0
420,0
1,5
8,0
2,0
8,0
775,0
214,0
Practi.
Value
6,6
BRAM
Practic.Va
lue
33
93,4
23.027
37,1
3,3
119,3
7,9
74,5
1,5
6,5
114,0
0,9
3,8
0,9
0,9
163,3
177,8
67
11.700
6,7
4,69
0,402
167,5
4,69
33,5
2,01
234,5
10,05
0,67
0,603
0,034
0,335
3,35
442,2
The Comparison of the Final
Products
Parameters
NormalBalance(mg/kg)
Arsenic
Beryllium
Lead
Cadmium
Crom
Nickel
Mercury
Selenium
Telluric
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
6,5
0,78
29,4
1,52
36,9
42,7
0,23
1,4
0,94
0,66
51,0
377,0
RDF, Additive
Fuel(mg/ kg)
5,9
0,73
34,8
1,57
36,9
40,6
0,24
1,3
0,92
0,65
47,5
393,0
The Allowable Chemical
Concentrations of BRAM (RDF)
Parameters
Max. Value
Parameters
Max. Value
Cd
10
Pb
350
Hg
1,5
Cu
750
Tl
3
Co
20
As
20
Ni
100
Cr
200
Be
2
PCB
<5
S
%1
PCP
<5
PLANTS
A plant in Asslar –Wetzlar, which begins operation at
1997, will produce dry stabilate, and consumes as
additive fuel. The CV of its products is 17,000 kJ / kg,
and has a capacity of 4,7 MWh.
Another plant in Pawkaw-Berlin will produce BRAM
(RDF) from wood, paper, cardboard, plastic, textile,
and mixed materials with a capacity of 50,000
ton/year.
In ALBA-Waste Separation Plant, Berlin, which has a
capacity of 200 ton/day from processing of
construction and commercial wastes and producess
50,000 ton/year additive fuel (RDF). In the plant
magnets separate the metals and residues are send
to cement factories as fuel.
Application in Cement
Industry
Special type of RDF suitable for cement production is
processed with lime and quartz. During this process
they’ll be heated at 8500C and send to rotating
furnace, where cinderation has started. Row material
is processed at 14500C in cinder zone; cement
clinkers are combusted at 20000C flame heat. The
residence time for flue gas at 1600–20000C
temperature is 3 – 5 seconds.
Advantages of RDF Utilisation
in Industry
RDF doesn’t adversely affect the quality of product,
RDF doesn’t adversely affect the environment,
There exist sophisticated technological innovations
to produce RDF from SW,
4. Hazardous material concentrations of RDF is not
much higher than that of coal,
5. RDF doesn’t produce emissions,
6. Heavy metals and acidic materials are kept in
cement, only dust is catched and to the process
beginning to used as row material,
7. By using BRAM fossil fuel resources are preserved.
1.
2.
3.
Advantages of RDF Production
in Existing WCPs
1. There
is no hazardous wastes in its
emissions,
2. While combusting 1 ton of SW there is
produced 1 ton of CO2. Where additive fuel
emissions are free of CO2.
3. The capacity of existing WCP is sufficient for
today, so that there is no need for extra
capital and operation investments.
Gavi-Vam Wijster Combustion Plant,
Netherlands
In reality it was designed as a
combustion plant. But after the
determination of that the calorific value
of the incomming waste is high, than
the plant will begin to produce RDF. It
has a capacity of 750,000 tons/year and
serves for 139 districts with 3 Million
residents.
Gavi-Vam Wijster Combustion Plant,
Netherlands
The general process flow is,
SW
processing
units;
sieving,
cutting,
homogenisation, which has 3 bands with a loading
rate of 3x 40 ton/h, the resultant fuel sizes is between
40 - 180 mm, particles which are smaller than 40 mm
send to landfill.
Combustion System (opposite flow grate system);
loading rate: 3x 18-24 ton/h, CV of SW: 9,000-14,000
kJ/kg avg 12 MJ/kg.
Vapour character; lateral vacuum boiler, vapour
amount 3x69,5 ton/h, feeding water temp 150˚C,
vapour temp 405°, vapour pressure 44 bar, gas temp
is 210°C.
Gavi-Vam Wijster Combustion Plant,
Netherlands
Flue gas treatment, total system: electro filter, spray
dryer, cotton filter, two-stage washing, two-stage
oxidation catalyser, dust flow rate 3x 124,500 m3 /h.
The gas temp is lowered to 170˚C. At pre-washing
stage HCl and HF are eliminated, at the second
stage with lime addition SO2 is eliminated.
Energy production, total system: generated
condensation turbines, installation yield 54.0 MW
Special vapour consumption 4.4 kg/kWh, vapour
pressure 2,0 bar, received vapour amount 55
kg/second.
Received vapour pressure 17/7/0,8 bar, excess
vapour pressure 0,095 bar, generator yield 67.5 MVA.
Gavi-Vam Wijster Combustion Plant,
Netherlands
Gavi-Vam Wijster Combustion Plant,
Netherlands
Gavi-Vam Wijster Combustion Plant,
Netherlands
Parameters
Before Process%
After Process%
Organic
Paper/Cardboard
Plastic Folio
Hard Plastic
Glass
Iron
Non-ferrous Metal
Textile
Stone
Wood
Tetra Pac
Cellulose
Sand
Others
Total
34.3
19,8
4,9
3,8
3.9
2,5
0,6
3,3
5.2
5,6
1,8
2,9
9,0
2,4
100,0
8.6
18,4
4,9
3,5
0,2
0,5
0,5
3,3
2,6
5,6
1,8
2,9
0,0
2,1
54,9
<40mm
%
25,7
1,4
0,0
0,3
3,7
0,0
0,1
0,0
2,6
0,0
0,0
0,0
9,0
0,3
43,1
Scrap
%
2,0
2,0
Düsseldorf Waste Combustion
Plant
The first WCP was constructed at 1965 in
Düsseldorf, which has a capacity of 340.000
ton/year to serve for 1.000.000 residents.
Today its capacity is increased to 450.000
ton/year and its technology is improved.
With 6 boilers 1.000.000 ton/year vapour is
produced. The capacity of 4 boilers is 40.0
ton/h, 1 boiler is 30 ton/h, and other is 38.0
ton/h. It has vapour temp of 500˚C, and a
pressure of 95 bars. The feed water temp is
150˚C and stack gas temp is 230˚C.
Düsseldorf Waste Combustion
Plant
There is set a semi-dry-spray absorbent unit just
behind the boilers. After the electro-static filter there
is constructed an active carbon (AC) filter to collect
the hazardous emissions, like dioxins. Then AC is
combusted in the furnaces. Behind the AC there is a
DENOX unit, which will electronically show all the air
pollution parameters.
The avg CV of the processed SW (except green,
bioorganic and dry wastes) is 10.900 kJ/kg. There is
a furnace temp of 900˚C. When the CV of SW is high
than it should be increased as high as 1.200˚C
Düsseldorf Waste Combustion
Plant
The Material Balance for the SW coming to the Plant at 1992
Waste Type
Amount, ton/year
MSW
250 000
Commercial
SW
Voluminous
SW
High calorific
special wastes
Low calorific
special wastes
Green wastes
90 000
37 000
19 000
32 000
22 000
Asslar-Wetzlar Dry Bio-Stabilate
Technology
HERHOF GmBh developed this method at
1975 in ASSLAR. According to the dry biostabilate technology (DBST) wastes are
biologically stabilised, so that they should be
stored for long time and used as additive fuel.
DBST is aiming to increase the CV of SW
from 7.000-8.000 kJ/kg to 11.000 kJ/kg and
produce an economically feasible additive
fuel, by lowering the emissions, like CO2
before final disposal of the SW.
Asslar-Wetzlar Dry Bio-Stabilate
Technology (DBST)
DBST is aiming to increase the CV of SW
from 7.000-8.000 kJ/kg to 11.000 kJ/kg and
produce an economically feasible additive
fuel, by lowering the emissions, like CO2
before final disposal of the SW.
According to this technology SW are put into
a bunker and then send to a mill, and its size
is reduced to smaller than 150 mm. And this
material has been composted with BOX
method in 7-10 days.
Asslar-Wetzlar Dry Bio-Stabilate
Technology
According to material balance 100 kg of waste with a
water content of %40, will produce 66,9 kg biostabilate. It has a %2,9 organic content and %30,2
decomposition leachate. Than ferrous metals are
collected with magnets, so that %63,3 mixed stabilate
remained. It has been passed through different sized
drum sieves. If it will be passed from 100 mm pore
sized sieve than; %40 of medium-CV and %23,3 of
high-CV bio-stabilate is produced. If 40 mm pore
size is used than %33,1 of medium-CV and %30,2 of
high-CV bio-stabilate is produced.
Asslar-Wetzlar Dry Bio-Stabilate
Technology
With this method %35 of material loss is
achieved, with water content of %15. Its CV is
increased up to %35-45, as high as 18.000
kJ/kg.
The process water, which is condensed in the
system, will collected, treated and reused; its
excess is discharged under good controlled
conditions.
Since it is a closed system at any stage of the
process there shouldn’t be observed any
environmentally adverse conditions, like dust,
noise, waste air or water.
An Opportunity for Izmir
Since 1968 compost is produced in Izmir. From time
to time there will be faced marketing problems. Under
those conditions it seems to be beneficial to convert
and store the compost by DBST, where its product
has a CV higher than that of low quality lignite.
There will be made a feasibility study on the waste
characteristics of Izmir, and it is observed that the
waste composition of Izmir is very similar to that of
separately collected waste in German capital cities
(%40 organic, %9 paper/cardboard, %2,2 textile,
%3,4 glass, %6,3 recyclable material, %1,5 metal,
%3,7 plastic, %13,3 tetra pac, %15 fine waste, %5,6
others). It has been planned to transfer this
technology to Izmir at 1977 by SCNORR, but it has
been not realised.
RDF production currently represents a tiny part of the European
waste market but rising to 14 Mt, 3.4% of volumes treated in
Europe as a whole in 2005
Source: CEN Report, 2001
RDF production currently represents a
tiny part of the European waste market...
Rising to 14 Mt, 3.4% of volumes treated in Europe as a whole in 2005
Source: CEN Report, 2001
…but production volumes are expected to
grow rapidly in the next few years
Projected growth in SRF production volumes,
selected EU countries, 2000 - 2005
Sweden UK
4%
4%
Netherlands
18%
Austria
7%
Belgium
6%
Sweden
4%
Spain
Portugal 8%
4%
Austria Belgium
2%
4%
UK
Finland
2%
3%
France
8%
Netherlands
12%
Finland
12%
Germany
30%
Italy
15%
Ireland
4%
Italy
13%
Germany
36%
2000 : 1.4 MT
produced
Greece
4%
2005 : 12.4 MT produced
Compound annual
growth rate = 54%
Sources: CEN / FEAD estimates
CONCLUSION
SW produced should be handled in many
different ways. Parallel to increasing
consumption trends not only the amount of
SW but also the need for fuel has been
increased. The conversion of SW to fuel
seems to be promising solution for both
problems, not only for Europe but also for
Turkey. But there is a need for
standardisation and a secured source for
RDF preperation and utilisation.