Transcript Document

GML & JPEG 2000 for Geographic
Imagery
Applications to Geo-spatial Intelligence
Ron Lake
© Copyright Galdos Systems Inc.
July 7, 2015
“Imagery” and Geo-spatial Intelligence
• Objective is to understand what is happening
!
• Implications:
– Use many “observation sources”
•
•
•
•
•
•
Conventional and non-conventional satellite imagery.
Visual, radar and thermal imagery
Aerial photography (oblique, high oblique, panoramic)
Hyper-spectral imagery
Weather data
Ground observations
– Extract – fuse information to create best model of
“what is happening”
Powering the Geo-Web
2
July 7, 2015
“Imagery” and Geo-spatial Intelligence
• Not always clear “what” we are observing.
• Use of decoys and obfuscation.
• Need to operate in connected and
disconnected environments.
• High emphasis on data integrity – “pixels”
alone don’t tell the story !
Let’s see what GML in JP2K brings to the table!
Powering the Geo-Web
3
July 7, 2015
Many Image Types
Single oblique
aerial image
Stereo satellite
image pair
Stereo aerial
image pair
Idea is to use a GML Application Schema
for each image type. The GML “metadata”
(from JPEG perspective) increases the
value of the image data.
Hyperspectral
Satellite Image
Powering the Geo-Web
4
July 7, 2015
More than “imagery”
Powering the Geo-Web
5
July 7, 2015
Many Image Types
JPEG Data Package
JPEG 2000
CodeStream
Single oblique
aerial image
Image
Geometry
GML Data &
Schema
Image
Radiometry
Image metadata
Powering the Geo-Web
6
July 7, 2015
Many Image Types
JPEG Data Package
JPEG 2000
CodeStreams
Stereo aerial
image pair
Image
Geometry
GML Data &
Schema
Stereo-Model
Image
Radiometry
Image metadata
Powering the Geo-Web
7
July 7, 2015
What is JPEG 2000?
•
•
•
•
•
ISO Standard for image compression.
Wavelet based like ECW or Mr Sid but open.
Handle very large images (gigabytes)
Not a geographic image format.
Can embed XML data in the data package
(JPX)
• Rich complex specification.
• Can have ROI compression – lossy
compression of entire scene with lossless
compression of a region of interest.
Powering the Geo-Web
8
July 7, 2015
What is GML ?
• Geography Markup Language is an approved
specification of the OpenGIS Consortium an
organization of 260+ vendors, government
agencies and academic bodies (including NGA!)
• GML en route to being an ISO standard (is CD
now) – ISO 19136
Powering the Geo-Web
9
July 7, 2015
What is GML?
• XML Grammar (XSD) for geography.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Features (vector)
Coverages (i.e. images)
Coordinate Reference Systems,
Geometry, Topology.
Units of Measure
Time
Map Styling.
Powering the Geo-Web
10
July 7, 2015
GML - Coverages
f(x)
x
range
domain
Values
Distributions of
quantities (Coverages)
Geographic
Region
• elevation
• temperature
• rock type
• reflectance
Coverages are mappings from a domain set to a range set
Powering the Geo-Web
11
July 7, 2015
GML - Coverages
E-R View
Coverage
isA
Sea Surface
Temperature
RS Image
Bathymetry
Model
Distributions of
quantities (Coverages)
Powering the Geo-Web
12
July 7, 2015
GML - Coverages
Surface
tesselations
f(x)
x
range
x
f(x)
Segmented Curves
f(x)
x
Discrete Point Sets
Distributions of
quantities (Coverages)
Values
• depth
• temperature
• salinity
• reflectance
x
We can classify coverages by the domain geometry
Powering the Geo-Web
13
July 7, 2015
GML Coverage
GML Describes:
Coverage Domain Geometry (Grid, polygonal
surface
..)
Values (quantities with units, scalar, composite ..)
GML encode (transport) value and geometry
XML Values
String Values
Binary Values
Powering the Geo-Web
14
July 7, 2015
GML in JPEG 2000
•
•
•
•
JPEG 2000 allows use of XML for “metadata”.
GML is XML
How should GML be used?
OGC Developing GML in JPEG 2000
Specification:
– Led by Galdos Systems and LizardTech
– EUSC, SPOT Image, USGS, ERMapper, Intergraph,
ITT are among key participants.
– Galdos and LizardTech to release commercial
codec/SDK.
Specification will be released this fall.
Powering the Geo-Web
15
July 7, 2015
Metadata Hierarchy
Think about metadata in a hierarchical manner !
Coverage Metadata
Coverage
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
e.g. ISO 19139 etc.
GML Coverage description
JPEG 2000 header
16
July 7, 2015
Why GML & JPEG 2000?
• Flexible, open standard for geographic imagery.
• Enables best of both GML (geography) and JPEG 2000
(imagery) to be brought together.
• Extensible. From a solid base can define extended
support for Coordinate Reference Systems, Units,
sensor types etc.
• Extensible: Image package can contain the geographic
image – extracted features – annotation – metadata –
and styling of features & annotation.
• Completely open standard – defined by OGC and ISO
(JPEG 2000.)
• Handles standalone (detached) and networked cases
Powering the Geo-Web
17
July 7, 2015
Use Cases
• Image/Coverage Types (Wide Variety)
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
•
•
•
•
Aerial Photograph
Stereo Pair
Satellite Image
Hyper-spectral Image
Triangulation Block
Digital Elevation Model
Image geometry
Image “radiometry” (coverage value/range)
Image Annotation
Feature Extraction/Interpretation
Coordinate references and units (e.g. radiometry)
Powering the Geo-Web
18
July 7, 2015
GML & JPEG 2000 - Basics
GML Coverage Description
Coverage = generalized image
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value
Description
Coverage Values
Pointer to external file
External Value File
GML can use external files to hold coverage values
Powering the Geo-Web
19
July 7, 2015
GML & JPEG 2000 - Basics
GML Coverage Description
JPEG 2000 Package
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value
Description
GML can reference values
within the containing JPX Pkg.
Coverage Values
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
Coverage Values
20
July 7, 2015
GML & JPEG 2000 - Basics
GML Coverage Description
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value
Description
Coverage Values
Coordinate Reference
System Definition
Units of Measure
Definition
Can reference external definitions of
CRS and Units of Measure
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
21
July 7, 2015
Geographic Image Metadata
GML Coverage Description
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value
Description
Coverage Values
External Metadata
Description via ISO 19139,
ISO 19115, FGDC, User
Defined Schema etc.
Supports References to External
Metadata Records
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
22
July 7, 2015
Geographic Image Metadata
GML Coverage Description
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value
Description
Coverage Values
Metadata (User Schema,
ISO, FGDC etc)
Supports References to
Internal Metadata
Records
Internal Metadata
Description via ISO 19139,
ISO 19115, FGDC, User
Defined Schema.
NITF TREs ?
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
23
July 7, 2015
Annotating Images
GML Coverage Description
Target
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value
Description
Coverage Values
Annotation Features
GML can define annotation
features in geographic or
image coordinate systems.
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
24
July 7, 2015
Annotating Images
GML Coverage Description
Target
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value
Description
Coverage Values
Annotation Features
Annotation Styling
GML can describe styling of
the annotation – annotation
appearance.
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
25
July 7, 2015
Bundling Extracted Features
GML Coverage Description
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value
Description
Coverage Values
Geographic
Features
An integrated package bundling
features & imagery
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
26
July 7, 2015
Bundling CRS & Unit Definitions
GML Coverage Description
CRS Definitions can be bundled with
the image.
Coverage Geometry
Coverage Value
Description
Units of Measure Definitions can be
bundled with the image
Coverage Values
CRS Definition
Can Package and Ship CRS or
Units Definitions
Units Definition
Values
Powering the Geo-Web
27
July 7, 2015
GML Coverage Description
Dictionary Instance
Instance Data
Instance Data
Coverage App Schena
Feature App Schena
Annotation App Schema
Instance Schema
(Static)
Metadata Schema
Dictionary
Schema
gml coverage.xsd
gml dictionary.xsd
gml feature.xsd
gml units.xsd
gml crs.xsd
gml valueObjects.xsd
Powering the Geo-Web
28
July 7, 2015
Applications to Geo-spatial Intelligence
• Capture typical geographic imagery including
– Rectified and non-rectified aerial and space borne
imagery
• Capture non-standard image types.
• Define content standards across all image
types – e.g. stereo pairs (aerial photographs),
Ikonos etc.
• Bundle annotation and imagery together.
• Bundle features and imagery.
• Support both connected and disconnected
operations.
Powering the Geo-Web
29
July 7, 2015
Applications to Geo-spatial Intelligence
• Enhance data integrity – metadata,
annotations, units of measure, CRS
definitions travels with the data!
• Facilitate automated extraction of metadata
for image catalogues.
GML
in
JP2K
Powering the Geo-Web
Image metadata
OGC Web
Registry
Service
(Catalogue)
30
July 7, 2015
Summary
•
•
•
•
Universal image representation
Image geometry and “radiometry”
Optical, radar, multi-spectral imagery.
Elevation, bathymetry, and weather
data.
• A final “image format” ?
Powering the Geo-Web
31
July 7, 2015
GML Book
First 8 chapters are introduction
Covers theory and application
Examples for DB and Legacy GIS
Published May 2004
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470871547.html
See a review in Jan/Feb 2005 Issue of GIS Professional
Powering the Geo-Web
32
July 7, 2015
Questions
Powering the Geo-Web
33
July 7, 2015