Transcript PIE - Serwis Informacyjny WSJO

PIE
CHANGES
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the unattested and & partly reconstructed language
A set of common features shared by most or all of its
dialects/subdivisions
considered to have vanished around 2000 BC = no
written records.
Details: especially the sound pattern =remain the
subject of debate,
New theories of time and place of the original IndoEuropeans = still proposed.
the era of PIE - 3000 BC to until shortly after 2000
BC (archeological and linguistic evidence).
the break-up of the community of original speakers of
PIE can be dated from the earliest records in IndoEuropean languages.
THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY
IE LANGUAGES
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the language family/ family of families, of which English is
a member + other European languages, such as French,
German, Russian, Spanish, etc.
Asian languages: Bengali, Hindi, and Persian
Classical languages – e.g., Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit
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the most extensively spoken group of languages worldwide
Similarities among certain languages of Europe Asia
resulted from a common origin had attracted scholars for
several centuries
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the British scholar Sir William Jones (1786) =
Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek share features derived from
‘some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists’.
Germanic languages also have the same source.
The IE languages
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an unrecorded PIE offshoot (aka Primitive
Germanic)
up to the early Christian era = probably 1
language (only minor dialectal differences)
groups migrate into various parts of Europe,
dialectal differences develop rapidly
PGMC branches off around 100 BC.
PGMC - no records before its subdivision into
eastern, western, and northern groups
the earliest records:
runic inscriptions = (3c/4c) = Scandinavian
written texts = Gothic (4-5c).
THE PROTO-GERMANIC
THE GERMANIC FAMILY
English, Dutch, Frisian, German, the Scandinavian
languages (Danish, Faeroese, Icelandic, Norwegian,
Swedish)
 + a number of derived languages (Yiddish <<
German, Afrikaans << Dutch)
 + the extinct Burgundian, Gothic, Norn, and Vandalic.
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BRANCHES OF GERMANIC:
(1) East Germanic: extinct
Gothic (till 16c)
 (2) North Germanic:
the modern & ancient Scandinavian languages
 (3) West Germanic: English, German, Dutch, Flemish,
Frisian (+ the languages from which they have
developed)
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THE GERMANIC FAMILY
the PHILOLOGICAL METHOD:
compares the same text written in
different periods of language history
 the INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION METHOD:
looks at synchronic variation as a remnant
of some older regular form
 the COMPARATIVE METHOD:
groups words with related form and
meaning to reconstruct their proto-forms
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METHODS OF HISTORICAL
LINGUISTICS
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Proto-Indo-European, c. 3000-2000 BC
Proto-Germanic = Primitive Germanic up to
100 BC (up to 500 BC it was phonetically
uniform)
(North-)West Germanic, c. 100 BC up to c.
300 AD
Anglo-Frisian, the period of Anglo-Frisian
linguistic unity, c. 300-450
Primitive Old English = Pre-Old English/
Prehistoric Old English, c. 450-700
Early Old English, c. 700-900
Late Old English, c. 900-1100
PIE TO OE – STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT
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CONSONANTS:
voiceless plosives
/p t k kw*/
short vowels
/i e o u a/
voiced unaspirated plosives
/b d ɡ ɡw*/
long vowels
/iː eː oː uː aː/
voiced aspirated plosives
/bh dh ɡh ɡwh*/
diphthongs
/ei eu oi ou ai au/
fricatives
/s/
resonants nasals /m n/ (could function either as
consonants or as vowels)
liquids
/r l/
semivowels /w j/ (* labio-velar
stops)
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THE PIE SOUND SYSTEM
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CENTUM
& SATEM
LANGUAGES
several families (related by common descendant from one / other early
offshoot)
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classified as SATEM and CENTUM languages
= the development of the IE word for ‘hundred’ with /k/ as in Latin centum or
/s/ as in Sanskrit satem.
CENTUM:
Latin centum
Gothi hund
Irish cēt
SATEM:
Sanskrit
šatá
Polish
sto
Lithuanian šimtas
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the SATEM language families:
Indo-Iranian, Thraco-Phrygian, Illyrian, Balto-Slavonic
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the CENTUM language families:
Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Italic
PIE >> PGMC – CONSONANTAL CHANGES
THE FIRST GERMANIC CONSONANT SHIFT – a statement of a relationship between certain consonants in Germanic languages and their
originals in PIE (1818 - the Danish philologist RASMUS RASK )
Set out in detail in 1822 by the German philologist JACOB GRIMM.
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PIE voiceless plosives >> Germanic voiceless fricatives:
PIE /p t k kw/ > /ɸ θ x xw/ > PGmc /f þ x xw/, e.g.
Lat. pedis
Eng. foot
Lat. tres
Eng. three
Lat. canis
Eng. Hound
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PGmc /þ/ > OE /θ/
PGmc /x/ > OE /h/ [h, x]
PGmc /xw/ > EOE /hw/, /h/
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PIE voiced unaspirated plosives >> Germanic voiceless plosives:
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PIE /b d ɡ ɡw/ > PGmc /p t k kw/, e.g.
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Lat. turba
Lat. dentis
Lat. granum
OE þorp
Eng. tooth
Eng. Corn
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PGmc /kw/ > EOE /kw/, /k/
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PIE voiced aspirated plosives became Germanic voiced unaspirated plosives:
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PIE /bh dh ɡh ɡwh/ > /β ð ɣ ɣw/ > PGmc /b d ɡ ɡw/, e.g.
Lat. hostis*
Eng. guest
*IE voiced aspirates changed to fricatives in Latin
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PGmc /ɡ/ > OE /ɡ/ [ɡ, ɣ]
PGmc /ɡw/ > EOE /ɡ/, /w/
GRIMM’S LAW – 1ST GERMANIC SHIFT
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G’sL do not operate when the plosive is preceded
by another voiceless stop / /s/, e.g.:
*/kapt-/ > OE hæft ‘captive’ Lat. captus
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*/nokt-/ > OE neaht ‘night’ Lat. nox
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*/ɡhostis/ > OE giest ‘guest’ Lat. hostis
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*/medhu/ > OE meodu ‘mead’ Pol. miód
Skt. mádhu
 PIE */tr-n-/ > OE þorn ‘thorn’ Pol. cierń
Skt. tŕna PIE */bhraːtor/ > OE brōþor ‘brother’ Pol. brat
Skt. bhrātr
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PIE
PIE
PIE
PIE
GRIMM’S LAW - EXCEPTIONS
The evolution of certain consonants in Germanic languages already affected by Grimm’s
1875 - the Danish philologist KARL VERNER
It explains a set of apparent exceptions to Grimm’s Law
Law
PGmc voiceless fricatives are voiced when the immediately preceding vowel does not carry the
main word stress and had no adjacent voiceless consonants
VERNER’S LAW holds that PIE voiceless fricatives >> Germanic voiced fricatives:
/ɸ θ s x xw/ > /β ð z ɣ ɣw/, e.g.
PIE */pətér/ > PGmc */fəθér/ > PGmc */fəðer/ > OE fæder > PDE father
consonants that change in accordance with VERNER’S LAW undergo further changes:
original /s/ >> /z/ >> /r/ = RHOTACISM
FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT = GRIMM’S LAW + VERNER’S LAW, E.G.
voiced aspirated plosives became voiced fricatives:
/bh dh ɡh ɡwh/
>
/β ð ɣ ɣw/
voiceless plosives became voiceless fricatives:
/p t k kw/
>
/ɸ θ x xw/
/f þ x xw/
SECOND CONSONANT SHIFT = German, e.g.
Eng. penny – Ger. Pfennig
Eng. copper – Ger. Kupfer
Eng. dead – Ger. tot
VERNER’S LAW = GRAMMATICAL SOUND
CHANGE
the so-called ɑ ~ o merger
it reduced the number of long and short
vowels to 4 each
 the vowels /ɑ/ & /o/ have a long history of
instability in Germanic languages:
 ɑ ~ o merger: 2 processes in operation
working in opposite directions:
 /aː/ > /oː/, e.g.
 PIE */bhraːtor/> PGmc */broːþor/>OE brōþor
 /o/ > /a/, e.g.
PIE */oktoːu/>PGmc */ahta/>OE eahta
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PIE TO PGMC – VOCALIC CHANGES
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PIE stress = free (free pitch)
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PGMC stress = fixed on the basis of
loudness
PIE >> PGMC - STRESS
nominative
genitive
dative
ablative
locative
accusative
instrumental
vocative
PIE >> PGMCE – CASE SYSTEM
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originally 2 genders:
animate:
 masculine
 feminine
inanimate:
 neuter
PIE – GENDER
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first (speaker)
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second (addressee)
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third (anything else)
PERSON
NUMBER
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singular
dual
plural
MOOD
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indicative
subjunctive
optative
injunctive
imperative
PIE – NUMBER & MOOD
VOICE
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active
middle
passive
ASPECT
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present
TENSE
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future
imperfect
perfect
past (= preterit)
aorist
pluperfect
PIE – VOICE/ASPECT/TENSE
PIE CLASSES OF strong verbs:
- 7 classes? = number of classes uncertain
PGMC VERBS:
- STRONG VERBS
- weak verbs = Germanic innovation
PIE VERBAL SYSTEM >> PGMC
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Grimm’s Law & Verner’s Law
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fixed word stress on the root syllable
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weak verbs with past tense in [t] or [d]
(dental preterite)
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two-tense verbal system
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strong and weak adjectival declensions
THE MOST IMPORTANT CHANGES
FROM PIE TO PGMC